【摘要】：獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后的美國(guó),僅僅只靠一個(gè)松散的邦聯(lián)維持著13個(gè)州的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。為克服邦聯(lián)體制的弊端,1787年13個(gè)州的代表商討制定新憲法,其中贊成批準(zhǔn)新憲法和支持聯(lián)邦主義的人被稱(chēng)為“聯(lián)邦黨人”。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),美國(guó)存在著“弱國(guó)家”的傳統(tǒng),學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)于聯(lián)邦黨人的地位和評(píng)價(jià)都各執(zhí)一詞。因此,引入國(guó)家構(gòu)建理論成為研究美國(guó)政治史的新趨勢(shì),運(yùn)用歷史和比較的分析方法考察聯(lián)邦黨人國(guó)家構(gòu)建的思想及實(shí)踐,對(duì)于認(rèn)識(shí)國(guó)家在現(xiàn)代化中的獨(dú)特作用有良好的啟發(fā)性。國(guó)家構(gòu)建作為一個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)的政治學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ),其內(nèi)涵十分豐富,作為國(guó)家構(gòu)建觀念的部分很早就已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生。聯(lián)邦黨人的國(guó)家構(gòu)建觀直接受啟蒙時(shí)期國(guó)家構(gòu)建觀的影響,而韋伯的國(guó)家構(gòu)建觀總結(jié)了現(xiàn)代國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)理性化和民主化的過(guò)程,馬克思主義的國(guó)家構(gòu)建觀分析了聯(lián)邦黨人國(guó)家構(gòu)建的局限性。聯(lián)邦黨人在新政府性質(zhì)、國(guó)會(huì)權(quán)力、行政權(quán)力、司法權(quán)力等方面與反聯(lián)邦黨人開(kāi)展了國(guó)家構(gòu)建的辯論,其國(guó)家構(gòu)建思想的核心是構(gòu)建民族國(guó)家,讓政府行動(dòng)強(qiáng)而有力,保持統(tǒng)一穩(wěn)定的聯(lián)邦。在聯(lián)邦黨人的國(guó)家構(gòu)建的制度設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)踐中,在一方面實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家的理性化,它包含了外部關(guān)系的理性化、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)與組織的理性化、行為方式的理性化、信仰體系的合理性四個(gè)層次;在另一方面實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家體系的民主化,它包含兩院制及其代表制、公民權(quán)利法案兩個(gè)具體制度設(shè)計(jì)。由于各種原因,聯(lián)邦黨人沒(méi)能在執(zhí)政時(shí)期實(shí)現(xiàn)其國(guó)家構(gòu)建的理念。長(zhǎng)期與聯(lián)邦黨人斗爭(zhēng)的共和黨人受“禁運(yùn)法案”和1812年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的影響,及時(shí)調(diào)整執(zhí)政方針,實(shí)現(xiàn)與聯(lián)邦黨人國(guó)家構(gòu)建路線(xiàn)的合流。最后,對(duì)聯(lián)邦黨人國(guó)家構(gòu)建的基本動(dòng)力、基本要件、基本任務(wù)、構(gòu)建時(shí)序進(jìn)行梳理和總結(jié),在國(guó)家構(gòu)建的基本動(dòng)力中包含了技術(shù)革新、市場(chǎng)化和貨幣化、階級(jí)分化和階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)等四種動(dòng)力,國(guó)家構(gòu)建的基本要件歸納了核心能動(dòng)者、初步形成的官僚體制、持續(xù)的財(cái)政等三個(gè)要素,國(guó)家構(gòu)建的基本任務(wù)總結(jié)了制度建構(gòu)和合法性建構(gòu)兩個(gè)層面,國(guó)家構(gòu)建的時(shí)序中梳理了先民族國(guó)家、再經(jīng)濟(jì)政策、后國(guó)家為市場(chǎng)以及社會(huì)建構(gòu)制度等四個(gè)次序。從中我們可以看出聯(lián)邦黨人國(guó)家構(gòu)建過(guò)程的一般性與特殊性,為深入認(rèn)識(shí)美國(guó)國(guó)家構(gòu)建歷程和深化國(guó)家構(gòu)建理念提供借鑒。
[Abstract]:After the War of Independence, the United States maintained only a loose confederation of 13 states. To overcome the shortcomings of the confederative system, representatives of 13 states discussed the enactment of a new constitution in 1787, in which those in favor of ratifying the new constitution and supporting federalism were called "federalists." For a long time, the United States had a tradition of "weak states." Therefore, the introduction of the theory of state construction has become a new trend in the study of American political history. It is instructive for us to understand the unique role of the state in modernization to examine the ideas and practices of State Construction of the Federalists by means of historical and comparative analysis. As a professional political terminology, construction has rich connotations and has been produced as part of the concept of nation-building for a long time. The concept of state-building of the Federalists was directly influenced by the concept of state-building in the Enlightenment Period. Weber's concept of state-building summarized the process of rationalization and democratization of the modern state, and Marxist concept of state-building. The Federalists have debated with the anti-Federalists on the nature of the new government, parliamentary power, administrative power, judicial power, etc. The core of their state-building ideas is to build a nation-state so that the government can act strongly and maintain a united and stable federation. In the design and practice of the state-building system of the State Party members, on the one hand, the rationalization of the state is realized, which includes the rationalization of external relations, the rationalization of internal structure and organization, the rationalization of behavior, and the rationality of belief system; on the other hand, the democratization of the state system, which includes the bicameral system and its representatives. Because of various reasons, the Federalists failed to realize the idea of nation-building during their reign. The Republicans who fought against the Federalists for a long time were influenced by the "embargo bill" and the war of 1812. They adjusted their ruling policies in time to realize the convergence of the line of nation-building with the Federalists. The basic motive force, basic elements, basic tasks and construction sequence of the federal party's state construction are sorted out and summarized. The basic motive force of the state construction includes four motive forces: technological innovation, marketization and monetization, class differentiation and class struggle. The basic elements of the State Construction summarize the core activists and the bureaucrats formed initially. The basic task of state construction is to sum up the two levels of system construction and legitimacy construction. The time sequence of state construction includes the following four orders: the first nation-state, the second economic policy, the second nation-market and the second society-building system. The generality and particularity provide reference for us to deeply understand the process of American nation-building and deepen the concept of nation-building.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：貴州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D771.2

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