關(guān)于我國養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)社會化推行中提升服務(wù)質(zhì)量的探討
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-09 08:27
【摘要】：世界衛(wèi)生組織對發(fā)達(dá)國家與發(fā)展中國家的老年人年齡界定不同,在發(fā)達(dá)國家,年齡超過65歲的劃定為老年人,在發(fā)展中國家,老年人的年齡劃分在60歲,《中華人民共和國老年人權(quán)益保障法》第一章第二條規(guī)定,所稱老人是指六十周歲以上的公民,截止2013年底,我國60歲以上人口數(shù)量達(dá)到202億,占我國人口總數(shù)的14.9%,2015年我國城鄉(xiāng)部分失能和完全失能老年人在4000萬左右。根據(jù)預(yù)測,到2020年,老年人人口數(shù)量將占全國總?cè)丝诘?9.3%,2040年,人口總數(shù)將達(dá)到3.97億,超過德國、意大利、法國、英國和日本目前人口的總和,到2050年,老年人口比率將達(dá)到38.6%。目前,我國已經(jīng)是世界上老年入口最多的國家。在我國現(xiàn)行的養(yǎng)老體系下,養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)床位數(shù)達(dá)到493.7萬張,綜合性社區(qū)服務(wù)中心1.2萬張,日間照料床位4.7萬張,留宿照料床位1.2萬張。國務(wù)院總理李克強(qiáng)在2014年3月5日在政府工作報(bào)告中重申支持養(yǎng)老發(fā)展,李克強(qiáng)指出,我國要擴(kuò)大服務(wù)消費(fèi),支持社會力量興辦各類服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu),重點(diǎn)發(fā)展養(yǎng)老服務(wù)。隨著老齡化進(jìn)程加快,我國養(yǎng)老產(chǎn)業(yè)具備巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿�。長期以來,我國實(shí)行的養(yǎng)老模式主要是家庭養(yǎng)老,即父母撫養(yǎng)子女,子女贍養(yǎng)父母,這種模式是最原始最簡單的,經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生在代際之間。但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的轉(zhuǎn)型以及基本國策的改動,家庭養(yǎng)老規(guī)模逐漸縮小,計(jì)劃生育的實(shí)施,使家庭結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸趨于“4—2—1”結(jié)構(gòu),即一對已婚生子的獨(dú)生子女家中普遍有4個父母,一個小孩,該對獨(dú)生子女要承擔(dān)起撫養(yǎng)孩子和贍養(yǎng)老人的責(zé)任與義務(wù),由于大多數(shù)子女要工作養(yǎng)家,其承擔(dān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和精神壓力倍增,很多人無法兼顧工作和家庭,空巢老人增多,家庭養(yǎng)老功能逐漸弱化,在這種情況下,催生了養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的成立,催化了養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展,養(yǎng)老需求與日俱增。當(dāng)前,經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,生活水平不斷提高,中青年一代面臨工作和生活的巨大壓力,在照顧家庭時常常力不從心,甚至抱怨老人是家中的負(fù)擔(dān),不愿意盡到贍養(yǎng)老人的義務(wù)責(zé)任,為了解決這類老人無法受到家庭成員照顧的問題,老人養(yǎng)老正在突破傳統(tǒng)家庭養(yǎng)老模式,逐漸形成了家庭養(yǎng)老、社區(qū)養(yǎng)老和機(jī)構(gòu)養(yǎng)老三者相輔相成的養(yǎng)老服務(wù)體系,并出現(xiàn)了異地養(yǎng)老、以房養(yǎng)老、“侯烏式”養(yǎng)老和生態(tài)養(yǎng)老的新形式。國家迫切需要民間資本、社會力量進(jìn)入養(yǎng)老服務(wù)行業(yè),大規(guī)模發(fā)展社會養(yǎng)老服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)養(yǎng)老市場化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化,以應(yīng)對養(yǎng)老服務(wù)市場供不應(yīng)求的主要問題。隨著社會福利市場化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化的進(jìn)程,國家改變了以往“一公到底”的辦院模式,“一公到底”即公辦、公建、公管、公營,經(jīng)營主體只有政府,現(xiàn)在國家盤活存量,將經(jīng)營主體從政府向市場轉(zhuǎn)變,通過改制、租賃、承包等多種方式將社會福利機(jī)構(gòu)推入市場,實(shí)現(xiàn)多種方式經(jīng)營,比如“公辦民營”、“民辦公助”、“純民辦”等,國家鼓勵民間資本、社會力量涌入社會福利領(lǐng)域,用各種優(yōu)惠政策和扶持性資金促進(jìn)社會福利事業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化、市場化。過去,養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)從生理需要、安全需要滿足老年群體的需求,提供床位、一日三餐,保證老人能夠吃得飽住得暖,政府負(fù)擔(dān)相對減輕了,老人也知足,特別是五保老人,貧困老人和殘疾老人,對養(yǎng)老服務(wù)的需求沒有要求。近年來,隨著物質(zhì)生活水平的提高,老人不僅僅局限于吃得飽住得暖,對服務(wù)質(zhì)量的要求越來越高,對精神方面的需求也日漸增加,養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)若停止發(fā)展,止步不前,則很快被其它善于創(chuàng)新、服務(wù)質(zhì)量更好的養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)取代,失去市場競爭力,為了生存發(fā)展,養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)如何提高服務(wù)品質(zhì)、如何管理創(chuàng)新是養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)管理層、決策層需要解決的問題。真正做到“老有所養(yǎng)、老有所醫(yī)、老有所用、老有所樂、老有所教”絕非易事,羅馬非一日建成,提升養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)服務(wù)質(zhì)量仍有很長的路要走。本人通過對養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的深入了解和調(diào)查,僅從個人角度淺析對如何提高養(yǎng)老服務(wù)質(zhì)量的思考,并從以下六個方面闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。
[Abstract]:The World Health Organization has different definitions of the age of the elderly in developed countries and developing countries. In developed countries, the age of the elderly over 65 is defined as the elderly. In developing countries, the age of the elderly is divided into 60 years. Article 2 of Chapter I of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that the term "elderly" refers to those over 60 years of age. Citizens, by the end of 2013, the number of people over 60 years old has reached 20.2 billion, accounting for 14.9% of China's total population. In 2015, some disabled and completely disabled elderly people in urban and rural areas will be around 40 million. The total population of Italy, France, Britain and Japan will reach 38.6% by 2050. At present, China has the largest number of elderly people in the world. Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council, reiterated his support for the development of old-age care in a report on the work of the government on March 5, 2014. Li Keqiang pointed out that China should expand service consumption, support social forces to set up various kinds of service institutions, and focus on the development of old-age care services. For a long time, the mode of providing for the aged implemented in our country is mainly family pension, that is, parents support their children and children support their parents. This mode is the most primitive and simplest, and economic transfer occurs between generations. The structure gradually tends to be "4-2-1" structure, that is, there are generally four parents and one child in the only-child family with a married child. The only child should assume the responsibility and obligation of raising children and supporting the elderly. Because most of the children have to work to support the family, their economic and spiritual pressures multiply, many people can not take care of work and work. Family, empty nest elderly increase, family pension function gradually weakened, in this case, gave birth to the establishment of pension institutions, catalyzed the development of pension institutions, pension demand is increasing. At present, rapid economic development, rising living standards, young and middle-aged generation is facing tremendous pressure of work and life, often unable to take care of the family. In order to solve the problem that the elderly can not be taken care of by their family members, the old people's pension is breaking through the traditional family pension model and gradually forming a family pension, community pension and institutional pension service system which complement each other. The state urgently needs private capital, social forces to enter the pension service industry, large-scale development of social pension service institutions, the realization of pension marketization, industrialization, in order to meet the main problems of the pension service market in short supply. In the process of marketization and industrialization, the state has changed the previous "one public to the end" mode of hospital management, and "one public to the end" means public, public, public, public, and only the government as the main body of operation. Now the state activates the stock, transforms the main body of operation from the government to the market, and pushes the social welfare institutions into the market through restructuring, leasing, contracting and other means. The state encourages private capital and social forces to pour into the field of social welfare, and promotes the industrialization and marketization of social welfare undertakings with various preferential policies and supportive funds. In recent years, with the improvement of material living standards, the elderly are not only confined to eating and living warmly, but also to service. The demand for quality is getting higher and higher, and the demand for spiritual aspects is also increasing. If the old-age institutions stop developing and stagnate, they will soon be replaced by other old-age institutions which are good at innovation and better service quality, and lose their competitiveness in the market. In order to survive and develop, how to improve the service quality of the old-age institutions and how to manage innovation are the management of the old-age institutions. It is not easy to achieve the goal of "providing for the aged, providing medical care for the aged, providing useful, enjoying and teaching for the aged". Rome was not built in a day, and there is still a long way to go to improve the service quality of pension institutions. Thinking about the quality of service for the aged, and expound the following six aspects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D669.6
本文編號：2231849
[Abstract]:The World Health Organization has different definitions of the age of the elderly in developed countries and developing countries. In developed countries, the age of the elderly over 65 is defined as the elderly. In developing countries, the age of the elderly is divided into 60 years. Article 2 of Chapter I of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that the term "elderly" refers to those over 60 years of age. Citizens, by the end of 2013, the number of people over 60 years old has reached 20.2 billion, accounting for 14.9% of China's total population. In 2015, some disabled and completely disabled elderly people in urban and rural areas will be around 40 million. The total population of Italy, France, Britain and Japan will reach 38.6% by 2050. At present, China has the largest number of elderly people in the world. Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council, reiterated his support for the development of old-age care in a report on the work of the government on March 5, 2014. Li Keqiang pointed out that China should expand service consumption, support social forces to set up various kinds of service institutions, and focus on the development of old-age care services. For a long time, the mode of providing for the aged implemented in our country is mainly family pension, that is, parents support their children and children support their parents. This mode is the most primitive and simplest, and economic transfer occurs between generations. The structure gradually tends to be "4-2-1" structure, that is, there are generally four parents and one child in the only-child family with a married child. The only child should assume the responsibility and obligation of raising children and supporting the elderly. Because most of the children have to work to support the family, their economic and spiritual pressures multiply, many people can not take care of work and work. Family, empty nest elderly increase, family pension function gradually weakened, in this case, gave birth to the establishment of pension institutions, catalyzed the development of pension institutions, pension demand is increasing. At present, rapid economic development, rising living standards, young and middle-aged generation is facing tremendous pressure of work and life, often unable to take care of the family. In order to solve the problem that the elderly can not be taken care of by their family members, the old people's pension is breaking through the traditional family pension model and gradually forming a family pension, community pension and institutional pension service system which complement each other. The state urgently needs private capital, social forces to enter the pension service industry, large-scale development of social pension service institutions, the realization of pension marketization, industrialization, in order to meet the main problems of the pension service market in short supply. In the process of marketization and industrialization, the state has changed the previous "one public to the end" mode of hospital management, and "one public to the end" means public, public, public, public, and only the government as the main body of operation. Now the state activates the stock, transforms the main body of operation from the government to the market, and pushes the social welfare institutions into the market through restructuring, leasing, contracting and other means. The state encourages private capital and social forces to pour into the field of social welfare, and promotes the industrialization and marketization of social welfare undertakings with various preferential policies and supportive funds. In recent years, with the improvement of material living standards, the elderly are not only confined to eating and living warmly, but also to service. The demand for quality is getting higher and higher, and the demand for spiritual aspects is also increasing. If the old-age institutions stop developing and stagnate, they will soon be replaced by other old-age institutions which are good at innovation and better service quality, and lose their competitiveness in the market. In order to survive and develop, how to improve the service quality of the old-age institutions and how to manage innovation are the management of the old-age institutions. It is not easy to achieve the goal of "providing for the aged, providing medical care for the aged, providing useful, enjoying and teaching for the aged". Rome was not built in a day, and there is still a long way to go to improve the service quality of pension institutions. Thinking about the quality of service for the aged, and expound the following six aspects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D669.6
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
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1 閆偉紅;;服務(wù)質(zhì)量評價模型比較[J];貴州工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會科學(xué)版);2008年04期
相關(guān)重要報(bào)紙文章 前2條
1 記者 劉宇鑫;[N];北京日報(bào);2014年
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