【摘要】：多中心治理理論的基礎(chǔ)是公共產(chǎn)品理論及公共服務(wù)的提供和生產(chǎn)二分理論。公共服務(wù)因其屬性的差異需要由不同的主體提供與生產(chǎn)。公共服務(wù)有廣義和狹義之分。廣義的公共服務(wù)是指由非特定主體提供的以公共利益為目的的公共產(chǎn)品。狹義的公共服務(wù)是指政府為滿足全社會范圍內(nèi)的人權(quán)要求而提供的公共產(chǎn)品。社區(qū)公共服務(wù)是社區(qū)內(nèi)部以公共利益為目的,由非特定主體提供的公共產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)社區(qū)居民的需要層次和公共服務(wù)提供的難易程度,可以將社區(qū)公共服務(wù)的內(nèi)容分為三個層次。第一層次是社區(qū)內(nèi)的環(huán)境,主要包括衛(wèi)生和治安環(huán)境。第二層次是社區(qū)硬件設(shè)施。第三個層次是由居民及其組織提供的各種自利性或公益性公共服務(wù)。其中第一層次及第二層次的硬件設(shè)施因其對維持社區(qū)的持續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)有重要作用而被稱為社區(qū)基本公共服務(wù)。第三層次的公共服務(wù)則被稱為社區(qū)發(fā)展性公務(wù)服務(wù)。當(dāng)前社區(qū)公共服務(wù)的提供共有三種模式,居委會、業(yè)委會責(zé)任制,單位包辦模式與政府包辦模式。從目前情況來看,社區(qū)公共服務(wù)存在著質(zhì)量低,供給不足,以及監(jiān)督反饋機(jī)制缺乏的問題。造成這些問題的原因主要是政府沒有對社區(qū)公共服務(wù)進(jìn)行分類處理,其實質(zhì)是政府職能劃分不清在社區(qū)的表現(xiàn)。政府對社區(qū)公共服務(wù)的態(tài)度要么是放任自流,把責(zé)任全部交給社區(qū),要么是大包大攬,一力承擔(dān)所有事務(wù)。社區(qū)基本公共服務(wù)因其同質(zhì)性和一般性,可以由政府來統(tǒng)一提供。而針對由政府統(tǒng)一提供而產(chǎn)生的反饋監(jiān)督機(jī)制缺乏的問題,可以建立網(wǎng)格化的公共服務(wù)提供機(jī)制和政府購買公共服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)機(jī)制予以克服。網(wǎng)格化管理,使公共服務(wù)提供的指揮、執(zhí)行、監(jiān)督形成了一個無縫隙結(jié)構(gòu),將反饋監(jiān)督落到了實處。政府購買公共服務(wù),使公共服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)者多元化以打破壟斷,產(chǎn)生競爭效應(yīng),從而提高社區(qū)公共服務(wù)的回應(yīng)性。發(fā)展性的社區(qū)公共服務(wù)因其異質(zhì)性和特殊性,應(yīng)由社區(qū)以居民自治的方式予以提供。業(yè)委會成立與運(yùn)作弊端的克服需要居民的公共精神和民主能力。這些在當(dāng)前條件下雖不易具備,但可以通過發(fā)展和完善社區(qū)社會組織逐步得以提高。同時社區(qū)社會組織還是發(fā)展性社區(qū)公共服務(wù)的主要提供和生產(chǎn)主體。社區(qū)社會組織的成立和發(fā)展需要政府的引導(dǎo)與扶持,也需要成熟社會組織的幫助。
[Abstract]:The theory of polycentric governance is based on the theory of public goods and the dichotomy of supply and production of public services. Public services need to be provided and produced by different agents because of their different attributes. Public service is divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, public service refers to public goods provided by non-specific subjects for the purpose of public interest. Narrow-sense public service refers to the public goods provided by the government to meet the human rights requirements of the whole society. Community public service is a kind of public goods provided by non-specific subjects within the community for the purpose of public interest. The content of community public service can be divided into three levels according to the level of community residents' needs and the degree of difficulty in providing public service. The first level is the environment within the community, mainly including the health and security environment. The second level is community hardware facilities. The third level is a variety of self-interest or public welfare public services provided by residents and their organizations. The first and second levels of hardware are called community basic public services because of their important role in maintaining the continuous operation of the community. The third level of public service is called community development service. At present, there are three modes of community public service provision: neighborhood committee, industry committee responsibility system, unit organization mode and government arrangement mode. From the current situation, community public service has the problems of low quality, insufficient supply, and lack of supervision and feedback mechanism. The main reason for these problems is that the government has not classified the community public service, and its essence is that the function of the government is not clearly divided in the community. The government's attitude towards community public service is either to leave the responsibility to the community, or to undertake all the affairs in a single effort. Because of its homogeneity and generality, community basic public services can be provided uniformly by the government. In view of the lack of feedback and supervision mechanism provided by the government, it can be overcome by establishing the grid public service supply mechanism and the government purchasing public service production mechanism. Grid management enables public service to provide command, execution, and supervision to form a seamless structure that puts feedback supervision into practice. The government buys the public service, causes the public service producer diversification to break the monopoly, produces the competition effect, thus enhances the community public service response. Because of its heterogeneity and particularity, the developmental community public service should be provided by the community in the way of resident autonomy. The establishment and operation of the Industry Council need the public spirit and democratic ability of the residents. These can be improved gradually through the development and improvement of community social organization. At the same time, community social organization is also the main provider and producer of developmental community public service. The establishment and development of community social organizations need the guidance and support of the government and the help of mature social organizations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D669.3

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