國際關(guān)系舞臺上的東方蘑菇云（1949-1972年）
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-26 08:28
【摘要】：大體而言,人類國際關(guān)系的發(fā)展大體可分為三個有更替、也有迭加的階段:古代以自然關(guān)系為主的階段,近代以經(jīng)濟關(guān)系為主的階段和現(xiàn)代以技術(shù)關(guān)系為主的階段。而技術(shù)作為人與外部世界相互作用的中介物,表現(xiàn)的也是某種關(guān)系。如果說,民用技術(shù)反映的是人與自然的關(guān)系,那么軍事技術(shù)反映的則是人與人、集團與集團、國家與國家的關(guān)系�；蛘哒f,國際關(guān)系作為一種核心的外部要素對現(xiàn)代軍事技術(shù)的發(fā)展具有決定性的影響,國際關(guān)系影響著軍事技術(shù)的科研立項,影響著軍事技術(shù)的研發(fā)進度,影響著軍事技術(shù)的裝備規(guī)模,影響著軍事技術(shù)的作戰(zhàn)應用。本文以中國核武器項目在1972年前的研發(fā)部署為案例,結(jié)合大量權(quán)威的官方文獻、學術(shù)文本、口述史、回憶錄及來自美國FRUS檔案庫、國家安全檔案館解密的美國國務院、國家安全委員會、參謀長聯(lián)席會議、國防部和中央情報局等有關(guān)單位的歷史情報檔案,對1949年到1972年間中國核武器項目的發(fā)展受國際關(guān)系的需求牽引的情況進行分析。全文內(nèi)容分六章展開,其中第二章至第五章為論文的主體部分,重點闡述了國際關(guān)系作為一種核心的外部要素對現(xiàn)代軍事技術(shù)的發(fā)展具有決定性的影響這一命題,對于深化技術(shù)社會學理論研究,進一步總結(jié)我國核武器項目的歷史經(jīng)驗均有一定的創(chuàng)新意義。第二章聚焦于中國核武器項目的上馬與國際政治的關(guān)系,闡述了中國為什么會在經(jīng)濟落后和工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)薄弱的社會歷史條件下發(fā)展核武器的原因。研究認為,核時代的出現(xiàn)改變了中國決策者戰(zhàn)略視野,國際安全環(huán)境催生了中國發(fā)展核武器的政治需求,國家身份的建構(gòu)強化了中國發(fā)展核武器的心理動機,而技術(shù)的國際交流增強了中國研發(fā)核武器的技術(shù)可能。第三章探討當時的冷戰(zhàn)形勢對中國核武器研發(fā)進度的影響,分析了美國的要挾與威脅、中蘇核合作的中斷以及中蘇關(guān)系的破裂與中國在核武器領(lǐng)域的反應。研究認為,在這一時期,國際關(guān)系作為一種自變量影響了中國研發(fā)核武器的進度,一方面,國際關(guān)系的類型影響了核技術(shù)向中國的轉(zhuǎn)移,國家間關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)變延緩了中國原子彈的初期研發(fā);而另一方面,國際政治形態(tài)成為了中國核武器項目推進的動力和約束力。從核武器的反向互動力的層面來說,這一時期中國的核武器計劃影響了美國和蘇聯(lián)對中國的政策,核武器也成為了平衡三國關(guān)系的一種工具。國際政治上的關(guān)鍵性決策和事件對技術(shù)發(fā)展方向產(chǎn)生了重要影響,并反作用于國際關(guān)系。第四章從這一時期中國的核武器的裝備規(guī)模出發(fā),探討中國在當時的政治條件下選擇發(fā)展“適度”、“足夠”核武庫的原因。本章首先從這一時期3次標志性的核試驗出發(fā)來分析中國進行有限核試驗原因,然后從這一時期中國核導彈力量發(fā)展的具體情況來分析中國相對均勢的威懾戰(zhàn)略,最后探討了中國的核裝備對國際形態(tài)的影響。研究認為中國核武器的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模、裝備類型、部署方式以及他國對中國核武庫的認知與判斷都受到國際政治互動以及國際戰(zhàn)略態(tài)勢的影響,同樣中國核武器本身也是影響國際體系的驅(qū)動力。第五章則著眼于中國核武器的作戰(zhàn)原則也就是中國核戰(zhàn)略問題,從歷史、現(xiàn)實以及中國對世界和平的整體責任三方面闡述自衛(wèi)防御策略的產(chǎn)生、應用及其影響。研究認為,中國核戰(zhàn)略的制定受到多重因素的影響,這些因素包括民族的戰(zhàn)略傳統(tǒng)、對國際政治形態(tài)的認識、國家身份的定位、國家形象的追求以及對本國在世界政治體制中發(fā)揮的影響和作用的認識。中國的核戰(zhàn)略以防御和自衛(wèi)為根本特征,也使得中國成為了維護國際核和平的積極力量。當然,馬克思主義的科學技術(shù)觀從來不是單一的決定論。國際關(guān)系作為一種核心要素影響著軍事技術(shù)的發(fā)展,而軍事技術(shù)反過來也影響國際關(guān)系。需求牽引與技術(shù)推動是動態(tài)發(fā)展的,也是相輔相成的。軍事技術(shù)的立項、研發(fā)速度、裝備規(guī)模以及作戰(zhàn)應用都受到國際關(guān)系的影響,同時,這些軍事技術(shù)也成為了影響國際政治體系變革的元素,影響了國家間的力量對比、安全態(tài)勢和外交態(tài)度。正是在國際關(guān)系互動中升起的東方蘑菇云,提高了中國的國際地位,使中國以一種不再沉睡的雄獅形象重新矗立在國際關(guān)系的舞臺上。
[Abstract]:In general, the development of human international relations can be roughly divided into three changes, as well as the stage of superposition: the stage in which the relationship is dominated by natural relations, the stage of modern economic relations and the stage of modern technology relations. And technology is the intermediary of the interaction between human and the external world, and it is also a kind of relationship. Civil technology reflects the relationship between man and nature, so military technology reflects the relationship between people and people, group and group, state and state. Or, as a core external factor, international relations have a decisive influence on the development of modern military technology. International relations affect the scientific research project of military technology and influence the development of military technology. The progress of the research and development of military technology affects the scale of military technology and the operational application of military technology. This paper takes the research and deployment of China's nuclear weapon project before 1972 as a case, combined with a large number of authoritative official documents, academic texts, oral history, memoirs, and the FRUS archives from the United States, and the national security archives. The State Department, the National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of staff, the National Defense Department and the Central Intelligence Agency, and other relevant units, analyzed the situation of the development of China's nuclear weapons projects from 1949 to 1972 by the needs of international relations. The full text is divided into six chapters, of which second to fifth are the owners of the paper. In body part, it focuses on the proposition that international relations, as a core external factor, has a decisive influence on the development of modern military technology. It has a certain innovation significance for deepening the research on the theory of Technical Sociology and summarizing the historical experience of China's nuclear weapons projects. The second chapter focuses on China's nuclear weapons project. The reason why China will develop nuclear weapons under the social and historical conditions of backward economy and weak industrial base is the reason why China can develop nuclear weapons under the social and historical conditions of weak economic and industrial base. The psychological motivation of China's nuclear weapon development has been transformed, and the international exchange of technology has enhanced the technical possibility of developing nuclear weapons in China. The third chapter discusses the impact of the cold war situation on the progress of the development of China's nuclear weapons, analyzes the threat and threat of the United States, the interruption of Sino Soviet nuclear cooperation, the rupture of Sino Soviet relations and China's nuclear weapons collar. On the one hand, the type of international relations affects the transfer of nuclear technology to China, and the transformation of relations between countries postpones the initial development of China's atomic bomb; on the other hand, the international political form has become the core of China's nuclear weapon. In the context of the reverse interaction of nuclear weapons, the nuclear weapons program in this period affects the policy of the United States and the Soviet Union to China, and the nuclear weapons have also become a tool for balancing the relations of the Three Kingdoms. The key decisions and events in the international politics have produced an important direction for the development of technology. The fourth chapter, starting from the scale of China's nuclear weapons in this period, explores the reasons why China chose to develop "moderate" and "sufficient" nuclear arsenal under the political conditions at that time. This chapter first analyzes the reasons for the limited nuclear test in China from the 3 landmark nuclear tests in this period. From the specific situation of the development of China's nuclear missile strength in this period, the deterrent strategy of China's relative balance is analyzed. Finally, the influence of China's nuclear equipment on the international form is discussed. It is considered that the scale of production, the type of equipment, the mode of deployment and the cognition and judgment of China's nuclear arsenal are all subject to international politics. The interaction and the influence of the international strategic posture, as well as the Chinese nuclear weapons themselves, are also the driving forces of the international system. The fifth chapter focuses on China's nuclear weapon operational principles, which is the issue of China's nuclear strategy. From history, reality and China's overall responsibility for world peace, it expounds the emergence of self-defense strategies and its application and its application. The study believes that the formulation of China's nuclear strategy is affected by multiple factors, including the national strategic tradition, the understanding of the international political form, the positioning of the national identity, the pursuit of the national image, and the understanding of the impact and role of the country in the world political system. The fundamental characteristics also make China a positive force in the maintenance of international nuclear peace. Of course, the scientific and technological outlook of Marx is never a single determinism. International relations, as a core element, affect the development of military technology, and military technology in turn affects international relations. Demand traction and technological promotion are dynamic. The development of military technology, the speed of research and development, the scale of equipment and the operational application are affected by international relations. At the same time, these military technologies have also become elements that affect the change of the international political system, and affect the strength contrast, the security situation and the diplomatic attitude between countries. It is the promotion of international relations. The Oriental mushroom cloud has raised China's international status and made China stand on the stage of international relations with an image of a male lion who no longer sleeps.
【學位授予單位】：國防科學技術(shù)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D819;E25
，
本文編號：2145436
[Abstract]:In general, the development of human international relations can be roughly divided into three changes, as well as the stage of superposition: the stage in which the relationship is dominated by natural relations, the stage of modern economic relations and the stage of modern technology relations. And technology is the intermediary of the interaction between human and the external world, and it is also a kind of relationship. Civil technology reflects the relationship between man and nature, so military technology reflects the relationship between people and people, group and group, state and state. Or, as a core external factor, international relations have a decisive influence on the development of modern military technology. International relations affect the scientific research project of military technology and influence the development of military technology. The progress of the research and development of military technology affects the scale of military technology and the operational application of military technology. This paper takes the research and deployment of China's nuclear weapon project before 1972 as a case, combined with a large number of authoritative official documents, academic texts, oral history, memoirs, and the FRUS archives from the United States, and the national security archives. The State Department, the National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of staff, the National Defense Department and the Central Intelligence Agency, and other relevant units, analyzed the situation of the development of China's nuclear weapons projects from 1949 to 1972 by the needs of international relations. The full text is divided into six chapters, of which second to fifth are the owners of the paper. In body part, it focuses on the proposition that international relations, as a core external factor, has a decisive influence on the development of modern military technology. It has a certain innovation significance for deepening the research on the theory of Technical Sociology and summarizing the historical experience of China's nuclear weapons projects. The second chapter focuses on China's nuclear weapons project. The reason why China will develop nuclear weapons under the social and historical conditions of backward economy and weak industrial base is the reason why China can develop nuclear weapons under the social and historical conditions of weak economic and industrial base. The psychological motivation of China's nuclear weapon development has been transformed, and the international exchange of technology has enhanced the technical possibility of developing nuclear weapons in China. The third chapter discusses the impact of the cold war situation on the progress of the development of China's nuclear weapons, analyzes the threat and threat of the United States, the interruption of Sino Soviet nuclear cooperation, the rupture of Sino Soviet relations and China's nuclear weapons collar. On the one hand, the type of international relations affects the transfer of nuclear technology to China, and the transformation of relations between countries postpones the initial development of China's atomic bomb; on the other hand, the international political form has become the core of China's nuclear weapon. In the context of the reverse interaction of nuclear weapons, the nuclear weapons program in this period affects the policy of the United States and the Soviet Union to China, and the nuclear weapons have also become a tool for balancing the relations of the Three Kingdoms. The key decisions and events in the international politics have produced an important direction for the development of technology. The fourth chapter, starting from the scale of China's nuclear weapons in this period, explores the reasons why China chose to develop "moderate" and "sufficient" nuclear arsenal under the political conditions at that time. This chapter first analyzes the reasons for the limited nuclear test in China from the 3 landmark nuclear tests in this period. From the specific situation of the development of China's nuclear missile strength in this period, the deterrent strategy of China's relative balance is analyzed. Finally, the influence of China's nuclear equipment on the international form is discussed. It is considered that the scale of production, the type of equipment, the mode of deployment and the cognition and judgment of China's nuclear arsenal are all subject to international politics. The interaction and the influence of the international strategic posture, as well as the Chinese nuclear weapons themselves, are also the driving forces of the international system. The fifth chapter focuses on China's nuclear weapon operational principles, which is the issue of China's nuclear strategy. From history, reality and China's overall responsibility for world peace, it expounds the emergence of self-defense strategies and its application and its application. The study believes that the formulation of China's nuclear strategy is affected by multiple factors, including the national strategic tradition, the understanding of the international political form, the positioning of the national identity, the pursuit of the national image, and the understanding of the impact and role of the country in the world political system. The fundamental characteristics also make China a positive force in the maintenance of international nuclear peace. Of course, the scientific and technological outlook of Marx is never a single determinism. International relations, as a core element, affect the development of military technology, and military technology in turn affects international relations. Demand traction and technological promotion are dynamic. The development of military technology, the speed of research and development, the scale of equipment and the operational application are affected by international relations. At the same time, these military technologies have also become elements that affect the change of the international political system, and affect the strength contrast, the security situation and the diplomatic attitude between countries. It is the promotion of international relations. The Oriental mushroom cloud has raised China's international status and made China stand on the stage of international relations with an image of a male lion who no longer sleeps.
【學位授予單位】：國防科學技術(shù)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D819;E25
，
本文編號：2145436
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