本文選題：英國 + 移民問題�。� 參考：《北京外國語大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：移民是全球化時代人類社會的重要特征,移民現(xiàn)象促進了生產(chǎn)要素的流動,有利于文化的傳播和交流。近年來,區(qū)域一體化深入發(fā)展,社會經(jīng)濟逐漸繁榮的歐洲卻越來越受到大量外來移民的困擾,移民問題也成為了政策領(lǐng)域中的重要議題。英國的移民問題具有典型性,在歐盟東擴帶來的大量中東歐移民、西亞北非動蕩催生的難民危機、歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)危機與民族極端主義等非傳統(tǒng)安全問題的多重影響下,英國的社會治理經(jīng)受了嚴(yán)峻考驗。曾經(jīng)擁有龐大海外殖民地、信奉多元文化主義的英國歷史上經(jīng)歷了由移民輸出國向移民接收國的轉(zhuǎn)變。英國社會對于外來移民的態(tài)度和認(rèn)知也經(jīng)歷了由開放包容,到矛盾激化的過程。外來移民給英國社會帶來了一系列問題,增加了公共服務(wù)體系的壓力,沖擊了英國的勞動力市場,沖擊了社會主流文化。對于以上現(xiàn)象,英國社會與移民政策制定者即英國政府的認(rèn)知存在鮮明的認(rèn)知差異。而這種認(rèn)知差異通過社會輿論、公共辯論與政策制定的互動,塑造著英國移民政策的發(fā)展與移民問題的現(xiàn)實。本研究的問題是:外來移民對英國社會的影響是積極還是消極的?英國社會對這一問題的看法如何?兩者間是否存在主觀印象與客觀實際的認(rèn)知差異?各認(rèn)知主體間,即民眾與政府對移民問題的看法存在怎樣的主體間認(rèn)知差異?由于外來移民對文化與安全的影響難以嚴(yán)格界定,本文希望以英國為例,研究外來移民對社會經(jīng)濟的影響,并從政治心理學(xué)視角探究英國移民認(rèn)知差異的形成機制。政治心理學(xué)關(guān)注人的心理與社會現(xiàn)象的雙向互動過程,在移民問題研究中引入政治心理學(xué)概念與方法,對闡釋移民問題很有啟發(fā)。本文首先從歷史與政策研究視角,對英國社會對移民概念的認(rèn)知與外來移民的現(xiàn)狀進行了闡述。英國政府在不同情況下對移民的界定有所不同,民眾對移民這一概念的看法就更為混亂,不同種類的民意調(diào)查與其結(jié)果的廣泛傳播加劇了這種混亂。以時間為線索縷析英國移民的數(shù)量和特征等屬性也為研究奠定了事實基礎(chǔ)。其次,本文通過對案例、民調(diào)數(shù)據(jù)與既有研究的歸納分析,對英國社會對移民問題的態(tài)度和認(rèn)知進行探究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),英國民眾對移民概念的認(rèn)知很不準(zhǔn)確,相當(dāng)一部分民眾對移民群體及其社會經(jīng)濟影響持有負(fù)面態(tài)度,且這種負(fù)面態(tài)度因認(rèn)知主體特點的不同而有很大差異。結(jié)合對英國政府移民政策與思想的梳理可以推論:英國民眾對經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的認(rèn)知影響對移民的態(tài)度;移民政策的不斷調(diào)整加劇了公眾對移民認(rèn)知差異的分化;民眾對多元主義的認(rèn)知差異正逐漸匯聚為民族主義的回潮;英國政府暫時難以平衡民眾對移民政策的認(rèn)知差異。隨后,本文從財政、勞動力市場與政策模型三個方面對外來移民對英國的社會經(jīng)濟影響進行了具體分析。研究表明,英國社會夸大了外來移民對英國政府財政和勞動力市場的負(fù)面影響,且高移民水平長遠(yuǎn)來看對英國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與勞動力結(jié)構(gòu)有積極作用。最后,由于理性主義解釋路徑存在局限性,本研究在社會心理學(xué)視角下為英國移民問題中的認(rèn)知差異的形成機制提供了三種解釋路徑:第一,社會認(rèn)同理論認(rèn)為,對移民群體的認(rèn)知差異源于對移民這一群體的概念界定上的差異以及對本民族的認(rèn)同感,這種認(rèn)知差異以內(nèi)群體偏好和外群體偏見為基礎(chǔ)。英國社會對群體邊界可透性,社會階層流動性的認(rèn)同程度不同也是形成偏見的重要原因。第二,族群沖突心理學(xué)認(rèn)為,英國社會對外來移民社會經(jīng)濟影響的認(rèn)知差異是一種族群偏見甚至歧視。這種歧視源于內(nèi)群體與外群體的資源競爭關(guān)系被過分凸顯和夸大,以及內(nèi)群體內(nèi)部的階層分化。競爭和分化程度的加劇也將提高族群沖突的可能。第三,刻板印象的形成和固化是移民認(rèn)知差異難以破解的重要原因。大眾傳媒對于刻板印象的形成和扭轉(zhuǎn)都發(fā)揮著重要的作用。扭轉(zhuǎn)刻板印象過程中出現(xiàn)的認(rèn)知失調(diào)狀態(tài)為消除偏見進一步設(shè)置了障礙。
[Abstract]:Immigration is an important feature of human society in the era of globalization. Immigrant phenomenon promotes the flow of production factors and is conducive to the communication and communication of culture. In recent years, regional integration has developed deeply, and the European economy is becoming more and more prosperous in Europe, which has been plagued by a large number of immigrants, and immigration has also become an important discussion in the field of policy. The British immigration problem is typical. In the eastern expansion of the European Union, the large numbers of Chinese and Eastern European immigrants, the refugee crisis in the North Africa and North Africa, the European sovereign debt crisis and the national extremism and other non-traditional security problems, the British social governance has experienced a severe test. The British history of multiculturalism has undergone a transition from the emigrant exporting country to the emigrant recipient country. The attitude and cognition of the British society to the immigrants have also experienced a process from open and inclusive to the intensification of contradictions. The immigrants brought a series of problems to the British society, increased the pressure of the public service system and impacted Britain. The labor market has impacted the mainstream of the social culture. For the above phenomenon, there is a distinct cognitive difference between the British society and the emigration policymaker, the British government. This cognitive difference creates the reality of the development of the British civil affairs policy and the reality of immigration through the interaction of public opinion, public debate and policy making. The question is: is the influence of immigrant to the British society positive or negative? How does the British society think about this problem? Is there a cognitive difference between the subjective impression and the objective reality between the two? The influence on culture and security is difficult to be strictly defined. This article is hoping to take Britain as an example to study the influence of immigrants on the social economy, and to explore the formation mechanism of the cognitive differences of British immigrants from the perspective of political psychology. Political psychology focuses on the two-way interaction between psychological and social phenomena, and introduces political hearts to the study of immigration issues. The concepts and methods of science are very enlightening to explain the problem of immigration. First, this paper, from the perspective of history and policy, expounds the cognition of the concept of immigration and the status of immigrants in the British society. The British government has different definitions of immigration under different circumstances, and the people's views on the concept of immigration are more chaotic and different. The variety of public opinion and the wide spread of its results have exacerbated this confusion. The time as the clue of the number and characteristics of British immigrants has also laid the foundation for the study. Secondly, this paper explores the attitude and cognition of British society on immigration issues through the case, the poll data and the existing research. The study found that the British people's perception of the concept of immigration is inaccurate, and a considerable number of people have a negative attitude towards the immigrant population and their social and economic effects, and this negative attitude varies greatly from the different characteristics of the cognitive subject. The cognition of development affects the attitude towards immigrants; the constant adjustment of immigration policy exacerbates the public's differentiation of migrant cognition; the cognitive difference of pluralism is gradually converging to a revival of nationalism; the British government is temporarily difficult to balance the cognitive differences between the people and the immigration policy. Three aspects of the policy model are made to analyze the social and economic impact of immigrants on Britain. The study shows that British society exaggerates the negative impact of immigrants on the British government's financial and labor market, and the high migration level has a positive effect on British economic development and the structure of labor force in the long run. Finally, the reason is due to the reason. In the perspective of social psychology, this study provides three ways to explain the formation mechanism of cognitive differences in British immigration problems in the perspective of social psychology: first, the theory of social identity believes that the cognitive differences between the immigrant groups are derived from the differences in the definition of the immigrant population and the sense of identity to the nation, On the basis of the differences of group preference within the cognitive differences and the prejudice of the group of external groups, the English society has an important reason for the discrimination of the group boundary permeability and the social stratum mobility. Second, the ethnic conflict psychology believes that the cognitive difference between the British society and the social and economic influence of the immigrants is a racial group bias or even the disproportionate difference. This discrimination is due to the excessive prominence and exaggeration of the resource competition relationship between the internal and external groups, as well as the stratum differentiation within the internal group. The intensification of competition and differentiation will also improve the possibility of ethnic conflict. Third, the formation and curing of stereotypes are the important reasons for the difficulty of solving the difference of migrant cognition. The formation and twisting of plate impressions play an important role. Reversing the cognitive maladjustment in the process of stereotype has further hindrance to the elimination of prejudice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D756.1

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本文編號：2045541