本文選題：北極事務(wù) + 北極理事會(huì)�。� 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來(lái),由于北極氣候環(huán)境的變化以及北極冰雪消融的速度加快,北極地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)略地位、能源儲(chǔ)備以及商業(yè)價(jià)值逐漸被各國(guó)所關(guān)注。尤其是被寄予厚望的北極航道,將可能成為未來(lái)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的“黃金水道”。以美國(guó)、加拿大、俄羅斯、芬蘭、瑞典、挪威、丹麥、冰島為代表的北極國(guó)家利用北極理事會(huì)主導(dǎo)著北極事務(wù),一方面對(duì)域外參與者揮舞著北極版“門羅主義”,排擠域外參與者;另一方面也加緊對(duì)北極地區(qū)爭(zhēng)奪,相互之間摩擦不斷。中國(guó)于2015年將北極地區(qū)納入到中國(guó)國(guó)家安全的“戰(zhàn)略新疆域”,將中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)賦予了更多的國(guó)家安全意義。中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)經(jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的歷程。中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)始于科學(xué)研究,自1999年至今,中國(guó)已經(jīng)對(duì)北極進(jìn)行了7次科學(xué)考察,一舉奠定了北極科研大國(guó)的地位。為了更好的參與北極科研以及其他北極活動(dòng),中國(guó)向北極理事會(huì)提出成為理事會(huì)“觀察員”的申請(qǐng),以獲得“合理”的北極身份,在經(jīng)過(guò)6年的努力之后,中國(guó)被正式接納為理事會(huì)“觀察員”,為將來(lái)深入?yún)⑴c北極事務(wù)打下基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí),中國(guó)也著手推進(jìn)北極的開發(fā)進(jìn)程,以雙邊合作的方式,參與北極資源的開發(fā)。試航北極航道是中國(guó)在北極地區(qū)活動(dòng)的另一個(gè)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域,雖然尚處于初級(jí)階段,但總體呈現(xiàn)良好的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭。合法性、必要性和義務(wù)性是中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)的三大動(dòng)因。從合法性角度出發(fā),中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù),首先是《國(guó)際海洋法公約》賦予中國(guó)的權(quán)力,《斯瓦爾巴條約》締約國(guó)的應(yīng)有權(quán)利以及國(guó)際海事組織的A類理事國(guó)的合法權(quán)利;其次是基于國(guó)際條約與合作協(xié)議的規(guī)定,如中國(guó)參與的有關(guān)北極瀕危動(dòng)物保護(hù)條約、涉及北極科研的《國(guó)際北極科學(xué)委員會(huì)章程條款》以及雙邊合作協(xié)議,這些都為中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)提供了合法途徑。從合理性的角度出發(fā),首先,中國(guó)是北極氣候變化的受害國(guó)之一,北極氣候變化不僅導(dǎo)致中國(guó)災(zāi)害性天氣增多和海平面上升,而且還增加了中國(guó)北極科研與開發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);其次,中國(guó)在北極地區(qū)有著資源、航運(yùn)與安全三大利益訴求,出于對(duì)國(guó)家利益的考量,中國(guó)也有必要將北極治理作為參與北極事務(wù)的重要內(nèi)容。從義務(wù)性的角度出發(fā),中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)既是作為負(fù)責(zé)任大國(guó)應(yīng)盡的義務(wù),也是作為北極理事會(huì)觀察員應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)。中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)面臨著多重困境。由于北極理事會(huì)在北極事務(wù)中占據(jù)著主導(dǎo)地位,中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)的程度很大程度上依賴于中國(guó)參與北極理事會(huì)的程度。但由于理事會(huì)機(jī)制的不完善以及排他性的存在,導(dǎo)致中國(guó)參與的過(guò)程中面臨著諸多困境。首先是“鼓勵(lì)參與”與“嚴(yán)格限制”的參與機(jī)制性的困境,加劇了北極國(guó)家與域外國(guó)家的矛盾。其次是內(nèi)部治理機(jī)制的困境,包括“軟法”性基礎(chǔ)與“硬法”性需求的現(xiàn)實(shí)性困境以及壟斷與弊病并存的機(jī)制性困境,導(dǎo)致域外國(guó)家始終無(wú)法在北極事務(wù)中發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用。其次是大國(guó)博弈帶來(lái)的利益困境,一方面體現(xiàn)在北極域內(nèi)國(guó)家的利益困境上,另一方面也體現(xiàn)在域內(nèi)與域外國(guó)家的利益困境;第三是中國(guó)參與的身份困境,主要表現(xiàn)為中國(guó)對(duì)現(xiàn)有北極機(jī)制的多元認(rèn)同,導(dǎo)致參與身份始終無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確定位的困境,以及身份定位困境所帶來(lái)的戰(zhàn)略選擇困境。中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)的三種路徑選擇。本文將以發(fā)展的視角,將中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)的進(jìn)程劃分為三個(gè)階段:一是秉持務(wù)實(shí)態(tài)度,融入北極治理的近期路徑;二是重視域外國(guó)家,尋求多元合作的中期路徑;三是推進(jìn)機(jī)制改革,參與體系建構(gòu)的遠(yuǎn)期路徑。根據(jù)中國(guó)參與北極的初期、中期、遠(yuǎn)期三個(gè)階段的不同狀況,制定與之相適應(yīng)參與路徑,在爭(zhēng)取北極理事會(huì)認(rèn)同的同時(shí),逐步加強(qiáng)同域外國(guó)家的合作,提升域外國(guó)家在北極事務(wù)中的話語(yǔ)權(quán),逐步推進(jìn)北極治理機(jī)制的改革與完善。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the strategic position, energy reserves and commercial value of the Arctic region have gradually been paid attention to by the changes in the Arctic climate and the speed of the melting of the Arctic ice and snow. Especially, the expected Arctic channel will be a "golden channel" for future international trade. The United States, Canada, Russia, Finland, The Arctic countries, represented by Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, use the Arctic Council to dominate the Arctic affairs. On the one hand, they waving the Arctic version of "Monroe doctrine" to extraterritorial participants and extraterritorial participants; on the other hand, the Arctic region is scramble for and friction between each other. China incorporated the Arctic region into China in 2015. China's participation in Arctic affairs has been a long journey through China's participation in Arctic affairs. China's participation in Arctic affairs began with scientific research. Since 1999, China has carried out 7 scientific investigations on the Arctic and laid the status of a great Arctic research power in one move. In order to better participate in Arctic research and other Arctic activities, China proposed to the Arctic Council as a "Observer" of the Council to obtain a "reasonable" Arctic identity. After 6 years of effort, China was formally accepted as an "Observer" of the Council to lay the foundation for further participation in the Arctic affairs. The country also embarked on the development process of the Arctic and participated in the development of Arctic resources with bilateral cooperation. The pilot Arctic channel is another key area of China's activity in the Arctic region. Although it is still in the primary stage, it has a good momentum of development. Legitimacy, necessity and obligation are the three largest part of China's participation in Arctic affairs. Motivation. From the perspective of legitimacy, China's participation in Arctic affairs, first of all, is the power given to China by the International Convention on the law of the law of the sea, the rights of the contracting parties to the Treaty of Svalbard and the legal rights of the International Maritime Organization's category a members; secondly, based on the provisions of international treaties and cooperation agreements, such as China's participation in the endangered Arctic The animal protection treaty, involving Arctic scientific research, the articles of association of the International Arctic Science Commission and bilateral cooperation agreements, has provided a legal way for China to participate in the Arctic affairs. From a reasonable point of view, China is one of the victims of the Arctic climate change, and the climate change in the Arctic not only leads to the increase of China's disastrous weather. More and more sea level rises, and it also increases the risk of scientific research and development in the Chinese Arctic. Secondly, China has the resources, shipping and security appeals in the Arctic region. For the sake of national interest, it is necessary for China to take the Arctic governance as an important part of the Arctic affairs. From an obligation perspective, China participates in the north. Polar affairs are both obligations as responsible countries as responsible powers as well as the obligations of observers in the Arctic Council. China is faced with multiple difficulties in the Arctic affairs. Because of the dominance of the Arctic Council in Arctic affairs, the extent of China's participation in Arctic affairs is largely dependent on China's participation in the Arctic Council. But because of the imperfection of the mechanism of the Council and the existence of exclusiveness, there are many difficulties in the process of participation in China. First, the plight of participation mechanism of "encouraging participation" and "strict restriction" has intensified the contradiction between the Arctic and extraterritorial countries. Secondly, the dilemma of the internal governance mechanism, including the "soft law". The realistic predicament of the sexual base and the "hard law" demand, as well as the institutional dilemma of the coexistence of monopoly and maladies leads to the foreign countries being unable to play their due role in the Arctic affairs. Secondly, the interest plight brought by the game of great powers, on the one hand, is reflected in the dilemma of the interests of the countries in the Arctic region, and on the other hand, it is also reflected in the domain and in the region. The plight of the interests of the countries outside the country; third is the identity dilemma of China's participation, which is mainly manifested in China's multiple identification of the existing Arctic mechanism, which leads to the difficult position of the identity of participation and the dilemma of strategic choice brought about by the dilemma of identity positioning. China's participation in the North Pole affairs is the three path choice. This article will be developed in this paper. From the angle of view, the process of China's participation in Arctic affairs is divided into three stages: one is to hold a pragmatic approach to the near-term path of Arctic governance; two is to attach importance to foreign countries and seek a medium-term path for multiple cooperation; three is to promote the reform of the mechanism and to participate in the long term path of the construction of the system. According to China's participation in the early, mid-term, and forward stages of the Arctic three stages The different conditions of the section should be formulated to adapt to the path of participation. While seeking the identification of the Arctic Council, we will gradually strengthen cooperation with foreign countries, enhance the discourse power of the foreign countries in the Arctic affairs, and gradually promote the reform and improvement of the Arctic governance mechanism.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5;D822.3

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1 孫天宇;中國(guó)參與北極事務(wù)的實(shí)踐探索及路徑分析[D];吉林大學(xué);2017年

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本文編號(hào)：1783374