本文選題：正義與發(fā)展黨 + 民主鞏固　； 參考：《北京外國語大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：2011年初以來,西亞北非地區(qū)持續(xù)的大規(guī)模政治動蕩嚴(yán)重沖擊了部分國家的政治體制,重塑著地區(qū)政治格局,有關(guān)國家也在探索新的治理模式。與此同時,身處伊斯蘭世界、與阿拉伯國家毗鄰的土耳其卻得以獨(dú)善其身,“民主模式”備受推崇。從1945年步入多黨制至今,土耳其的民主化進(jìn)程已經(jīng)發(fā)展了70年。1950年民主黨通過選舉上臺執(zhí)政,標(biāo)志著土耳其民主轉(zhuǎn)型的成功。與民主化進(jìn)程同時發(fā)生的是城市化進(jìn)程,這一進(jìn)程對土耳其的社會和政治結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響,不同社會階層和利益群體的矛盾日益明顯和突出。城市化進(jìn)程使得處于“邊緣”的人們紛紛來到“中心”,人口結(jié)構(gòu)的改變意味著選民選舉偏好的變化,也意味著以贏取選票為目標(biāo)的政黨政策的變化,這些變化重新構(gòu)建了土耳其的政治格局。 20世紀(jì)60-80年代的三次軍事政變中斷了土耳其的民主進(jìn)程。1960年政變后出臺的憲法擴(kuò)大了公民的自由與權(quán)利,土耳其的政治光譜向左右翼同時擴(kuò)展,60-70年代的黨派林立、意識形態(tài)極化現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致國家動蕩,政局不穩(wěn)。1980年軍事政變后,土耳其所有政黨被取締,黨派領(lǐng)袖被禁止從政,這些措施以及限制自由與權(quán)利的1982年憲法的出臺都反映了土耳其軍方積極干政的決心。 80年代初土耳其政府開始推行經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化改革,隨著進(jìn)口替代政策被出口導(dǎo)向政策取代,安納托利亞伊斯蘭中小資本迅速崛起。伊斯蘭資本的快速積累為伊斯蘭政黨和伊斯蘭運(yùn)動的崛起奠定了物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。1987年前政治家從政的禁令被取消,民主政治得以全面恢復(fù)。實(shí)際上從1983年大選開始,土耳其的選舉政治就沒再被中斷過。 從90年代開始一直到2001年,土耳其發(fā)生了三次嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),引發(fā)了廣泛的破產(chǎn)和失業(yè)潮,對中小資本也造成了很大損害。經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)還導(dǎo)致聯(lián)合政府頻繁更迭,再加上政府腐敗,所有政黨都得不到民眾信任,選民努力尋找全新的政黨和領(lǐng)袖。可以說,成立于2001年的正義與發(fā)展黨(簡稱“正發(fā)黨”)之所以能夠在2002年大選中勝出,經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)導(dǎo)致的上述后果發(fā)揮了重大作用。 2002-2014年正發(fā)黨執(zhí)政期間,土耳其的經(jīng)濟(jì)得到了比較穩(wěn)定的發(fā)展,這為正發(fā)黨贏得了持續(xù)的支持。2002、2007和2011年三次選舉中,正發(fā)黨的支持率持續(xù)上升,出現(xiàn)了多黨制以來少見的一黨長期執(zhí)政的局面,土耳其政黨制度也逐漸從90年代的極端多黨制轉(zhuǎn)為現(xiàn)在的主導(dǎo)黨體制。 本文研究的是正發(fā)黨執(zhí)政期間土耳其的民主鞏固問題,那么正發(fā)黨執(zhí)政期間土耳其的民主是否得到了鞏固?本文在第一章介紹了正發(fā)黨上臺前民主鞏固的背景,在第二至第四章從制度、行為者、政治文化三個層面分析了正發(fā)黨執(zhí)政期間土耳其的民主鞏固問題,其中第二章涉及制度層面,包括憲法、政府體制、選舉制度和政黨制度等；第三章介紹正發(fā)黨執(zhí)政期間土耳其行為者層面的民主鞏固,從執(zhí)政黨民主態(tài)度的演變、土耳其三個主要的企業(yè)家協(xié)會民主態(tài)度的演變、居蘭運(yùn)動、庫爾德組織、媒體五個方面分析行為者層面的民主鞏固情況；第四章則從政治文化的視角分析正發(fā)黨執(zhí)政期間土耳其的民主鞏固問題；最后一部分是結(jié)論。 首先,從制度層面上看,土耳其現(xiàn)行憲法被認(rèn)為違背民主原則,議會中各政黨就新憲法很難形成一致意見；選舉制度中最大的問題是設(shè)置了10%的門檻,盡管這一高門檻確實(shí)對防止土耳其政黨體制的碎片化發(fā)揮了一定的作用,但它同時引發(fā)了有關(guān)進(jìn)入議會的政黨的代表性是否公平的問題。在選舉制度及其他因素的共同作用下,正發(fā)黨處于主導(dǎo)黨地位,包括黨內(nèi)斗爭、腐敗等問題在內(nèi)的容易在主導(dǎo)黨體制中出現(xiàn)的問題在土耳其都已出現(xiàn)。因此從制度層次上講,土耳其未實(shí)現(xiàn)民主鞏固。 其次,從行為者層面上看,正發(fā)黨在議會占據(jù)絕對優(yōu)勢,越來越表現(xiàn)出集權(quán)傾向；不同的利益集團(tuán)對民主也有各自不同的理解；公民社會中最具影響力的居蘭運(yùn)動、庫爾德工人黨組織及媒體也都從各自的利益出發(fā)解讀民主。盡管如此,從總體上看,行為者均為民主化進(jìn)程的受益者,希望通過民主的鞏固來實(shí)現(xiàn)自身利益的最大化,是民主鞏固的內(nèi)在推動力量,從這個意義上說,土耳其部分地實(shí)現(xiàn)了民主鞏固。 最后,從政治文化層面上看,20世紀(jì)80年代起,土耳其傳統(tǒng)的強(qiáng)國家弱社會關(guān)系逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變,公民社會的力量得到了極大加強(qiáng)。正發(fā)黨上臺后,加速了傳統(tǒng)的中心-邊緣關(guān)系的改變,之前長期處于邊緣的人群更快地向中心流動,為多元民主政治的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供了可能；同時,文官-軍隊(duì)關(guān)系也發(fā)生了根本改變,軍隊(duì)逐漸遠(yuǎn)離政治。從這兩個方面看,土耳其的民主鞏固得到了深化。但是,從精英關(guān)系來看,土耳其執(zhí)政精英的集權(quán)傾向日益嚴(yán)重,反對派力量不足以發(fā)揮制衡作用,因此,從這個角度來看,土耳其的民主鞏固還有很長的路要走。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of 2011, the continuing large-scale political turmoil in Western Asia and North Africa has seriously impacted the political system of some countries, reshaped the political structure of the region, and the countries concerned are exploring new governance patterns. At the same time, Turkey, in the Islamic world and adjacent to the Arabia state, has been able to take advantage of it, and the "democratic model" has been pushed forward. From 1945 to the multiparty system, the process of democratization in Turkey has developed for 70 years in.1950, which marks the success of the democratic transformation of Turkey. The process of urbanization with the process of democratization has had a profound influence on the social and political structure of Turkey and different societies. The contradiction between the stratum and the interest group is becoming more and more obvious and prominent. The process of urbanization makes the people in the "edge" come to the center. The change of the population structure means the change of electoral preference and the change of the political party policy which aims to win the ballot. These changes have rebuilt the political pattern of Turkey.
The three military coup in the 60-80 years of twentieth Century interrupted the democratic process in Turkey to expand the freedom and rights of the citizens after the.1960 coup, the political spectrum of Turkey expanded to the left and right wings, the political parties in the 60-70 years, the ideological polarization caused the turmoil of the state, and the political instability after the.1980 military coup. All political parties were banned and party leaders were banned from politics. These measures, as well as the 1982 constitution that restricted freedom and rights, reflected the determination of the Turkey military to be active.
In the early 80s, the government of Turkey began to carry out the reform of economic liberalization. As the import substitution policy was replaced by the export oriented policy, the middle and small capital of Anatolia has risen rapidly. The rapid accumulation of Islamic capital has laid a material foundation for the rise of Islamic political parties and the Islamic movement, and the prohibition of politician from politics.1987 years ago was taken. The democratic politics has been fully restored. In fact, the election politics in Turkey has not been interrupted since the 1983 election.
From 90s to 2001, three serious economic crises have taken place in Turkey, causing widespread insolvency and unemployment, causing great damage to small and medium capital. The economic crisis has also led to frequent changes in the joint government and the corruption of the government. All political parties do not have the trust of the people, and the voters are trying to find new political parties and to find new political parties. Leaders. It can be said that the justice and development party, founded in 2001, was able to win in the 2002 general election, and the consequences of the economic crisis have played a major role.
During the 2002-2014 years of the ruling of the CPC, Turkey's economy has been more stable, which has won the continuous support for the.20022007 and the three elections in 2011. The party's support rate has continued to rise. There has been a long period of uncommon rule of one party since the multiparty system, and the Turkey party system is gradually from 90s. The extreme multiparty system is turned into the present leading party system.
This article studies the democratic consolidation of Turkey during the period of the ruling party in power, so is the democracy of Turkey consolidated during the period of the ruling party in power? This article introduces the background of the democratic consolidation of the party in the first chapter, and analyzes the period of the second to fourth chapters from the system, the actor and the political culture in the period of the ruling party. The second chapter of Turkey's democratic consolidation involves the institutional level, including the constitution, the government system, the electoral system and the political party system. The third chapter introduces the democratic consolidation of the Turkey actor level during the period of the ruling party, the evolution of the democratic attitude of the ruling party, and the evolution of the Democratic attitudes of the three major entrepreneurs associations in Turkey. The five aspects of the democratic consolidation of the actor level are analyzed in the five aspects of the blue movement, Kurdish organization and the media, and the fourth chapter analyzes the democratic consolidation of the party during the period of the political culture and the last part is the conclusion.
First of all, from the institutional level, the current constitution of Turkey is considered to be contrary to the principle of democracy, and it is difficult for all political parties in the parliament to form a consensus on the new constitution; the biggest problem in the electoral system is the setting of a threshold of 10%, although this high threshold does play a role in preventing the fragmentation of the political party system in Turkey, but it is at the same time The question of whether the representative of the political party entering the parliament is fair. Under the joint action of the electoral system and other factors, the problems that the party is prone to in the leading party system, including the party struggle, corruption and other issues, have appeared in Turkey. Therefore, from the institutional level, Turkey has not. To achieve democratic consolidation.
Secondly, from the aspect of the actor, the party occupies an absolute advantage in the parliament, and is increasingly showing the tendency of centralization; the different interest groups have different understandings of democracy; the most influential Kurdistan movement in the civil society, the Kurdish workers' Party organization and the media also interpret democracy from their respective interests. Even so, On the whole, the actors are all beneficiaries of the process of democratization, and they hope to maximize their own interests through the consolidation of democracy. It is an intrinsic driving force for the consolidation of democracy. In this sense, Turkey has partly realized the consolidation of democracy.
At the end of the year, from the political and cultural level, since 1980s, the weak social relations of the traditional powerhouses in Turkey have gradually changed and the strength of the civil society has been greatly strengthened. In the two aspects, Turkey's democratic consolidation has been deepened. However, from the point of view of the elite relations, the centralization tendency of the ruling elite of Turkey is becoming more and more serious and the opposition forces are not sufficient to play the role of checks and balances. From one point of view, Turkey's democratic consolidation still has a long way to go.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D737.4

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