本文關鍵詞： 清代 養(yǎng)老制度與措施 養(yǎng)老思想　出處：《華中師范大學》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：在“以孝治天下”的思想政治綱領之下,清代制定了一系列尊老養(yǎng)老的孝治政策,都是對前代養(yǎng)老制度和措施的進一步發(fā)展和完善。本文以清代為背景,采用文獻法對清代的養(yǎng)老思想與制度進行研究,探索其對健全我國現(xiàn)行的養(yǎng)老制度的啟示作用。清代有著自己的時代特征,在清代特有的時代背景之下,.其養(yǎng)老思想與制度也體現(xiàn)出自己的獨有表現(xiàn),包括社會的尊老敬老共識、民間力量的積極參與及壯大等特征。清代在入關后繼承了以前的養(yǎng)老思想,并且根據(jù)自己的政治需要對其進行了新的發(fā)展與擴充。一是明確將“以孝治天下”放置在思想政治綱領的高度上,使尊老敬老之風更甚；二是統(tǒng)治者吸取前代的教訓,意識到收養(yǎng)孤老法律健全的重要性,在養(yǎng)濟院創(chuàng)設之際同時著手監(jiān)督體系的建立；三是禮待高年的新創(chuàng),在紫禁城內(nèi)騎馬代表著皇帝對年老大臣的一種優(yōu)待。同時,清代的養(yǎng)老制度是一個全方位的體系,宗族制度、法令制度、官方的養(yǎng)老體制以及民間恤老體制等都是對清代養(yǎng)老的完善,再加之配套的具體措施,使得清代養(yǎng)老呈現(xiàn)出相互補充上下一體的特征。宗族制度方面,清朝統(tǒng)治者深刻意識到宗族制在維系自身統(tǒng)治和貫徹國家政策方面的重要性,因此,將孝治滲入到宗族中。法令制度方面,一是對年老犯罪者的寬待,二是對不孝子孫的法律處置,三是清廷將留存養(yǎng)親的狀況做了更為細致的區(qū)分。官方的養(yǎng)老體制方面,養(yǎng)濟院作為一個常設的官辦養(yǎng)老機構(gòu),在收養(yǎng)社會孤貧老人發(fā)面發(fā)揮著極大的作用,留養(yǎng)局來臨時性地收養(yǎng)那些外來的孤苦無依之人,為他們提供短暫的食宿與衣服棉被。民間的恤老體制方面則體現(xiàn)在民間養(yǎng)老機構(gòu)的創(chuàng)設以及工商行會自助組織的發(fā)展方面。在以上體制下,清代運用旌表孝行、社會教化及禮待高年等各項措施保障養(yǎng)老制度的推行,掀起古代又一次尊老敬老高潮。清代養(yǎng)老研究的現(xiàn)代啟示意義在于,對清代養(yǎng)老的研究,能從清代的養(yǎng)老思想與措施中把握其精華,結(jié)合現(xiàn)代中國養(yǎng)老現(xiàn)狀,為現(xiàn)代中國養(yǎng)老制度的完善健全與措施的實施提供借鑒。
[Abstract]:Under the ideological and political program of "governing the world with filial piety", the Qing Dynasty formulated a series of filial piety policies of respecting the elderly and providing for the aged, which were the further development and improvement of the pension system and measures of the previous generation. This paper takes the Qing Dynasty as the background. This paper studies the thought and system of the aged in Qing Dynasty by using the literature method, and explores its enlightening effect on the improvement of the current pension system in China. The Qing Dynasty has its own characteristics of the times, under the background of the unique era of the Qing Dynasty. Its pension thought and system also reflect its own unique performance, including the social consensus of respecting the old and respecting the elderly, the active participation and expansion of folk forces, and so on. And has carried on the new development and the expansion according to own political need. One is to place "the filial piety governs the world" in the ideological and political program high altitude, causes the respect for the old and respects the old to be more serious; Second, the rulers learned the lessons of the previous generation, realized the importance of the law of the adoption of orphans, and set about the establishment of the supervision system at the time of the establishment of the foster and economic hospital; Third, the ceremony to the new year, riding in the Forbidden City represents a preferential treatment of the emperor to the old minister. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty pension system is a comprehensive system, clan system, legal system. The official pension system and folk pension system are the improvement of the Qing Dynasty pension, coupled with supporting specific measures, so that the Qing Dynasty pension presents a complementary feature of the upper and lower levels. Clan system. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were deeply aware of the importance of clan system in maintaining their own rule and carrying out national policies. Therefore, filial piety was infiltrated into the clan. The second is the legal treatment of unfilial offspring, and the third is that the Qing court made a more detailed distinction between the status of keeping relatives and raising relatives. In terms of the official pension system, the Yangji Hospital is a permanent government-run pension institution. In the adoption of the society of the poor elderly hair play a great role, stay in the Bureau of temporary adoption of those who are isolated and dependent on the outside. To provide them with temporary accommodation and clothing quilts. The folk pension system is reflected in the establishment of private pension institutions and the development of self-help organizations. Under the above system, the Qing Dynasty used piety. Various measures such as social education and waiting for the senior year to ensure the implementation of the old-age system set off another upsurge of respect for the old and respect for the elderly in ancient times. The modern enlightenment of the research on the aged in the Qing Dynasty lies in the study of the old-age care in the Qing Dynasty. It can grasp its essence from the thoughts and measures of the Qing Dynasty, combine with the present situation of the aged in modern China, and provide reference for the perfection and perfection of the pension system in modern China and the implementation of the measures.
【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D691.9

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