【摘要】：通過對孟子德性修養(yǎng)過程的討論,可以為信廣來指出的孟子關(guān)于道德失敗問題中存在的兩點(diǎn)疑難給出解釋:耳目之官是否為道德失敗負(fù)全責(zé),"心"又和道德失敗的關(guān)系如何;名譽(yù)的追求為何一方面呈現(xiàn)積極的道德意義,另一方面又成為道德失敗的緣由。從德性發(fā)展作為一個過程來看,一方面存在著階段性的道德評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),另一方面又存在著一個最高的道德準(zhǔn)則,這使得孟子對道德失敗的問題在不同的文本中表現(xiàn)出截然不同的態(tài)度。通過對道德失敗不同層面的分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在《孟子》中可以解讀出從社會性欲求與儒家倫理之結(jié)合的德性發(fā)展維度。在這一維度中"他人的認(rèn)同"和"好名"比起感官欲望的追求來說,有著更高的道德價值。雖然"好名"比起最終的道德動機(jī)之純粹是一種道德失敗,但是在能夠放棄物質(zhì)欲求而實(shí)踐儒家倫理方面又有著積極的意義。在道德失敗問題上,"好名"所象征的人的社會性一面可能在整個德性養(yǎng)成中成為一個重要的中介環(huán)節(jié)。在德性修養(yǎng)的實(shí)踐層面上,這樣一種對人的社會性發(fā)展過程的肯定也可能為從"四端"到"四德"邏輯上推類和情感上擴(kuò)充所不能解決的德性發(fā)展的問題提供新的解決思路。
[Abstract]:By discussing the process of Mencius' moral accomplishment, we can explain two difficulties in Mencius' moral failure: whether the officials of eyes and ears are fully responsible for moral failure, and what is the relationship between "heart" and moral failure; On the one hand, the pursuit of reputation presents positive moral significance, on the other hand, it becomes the cause of moral failure. From the point of view of the development of virtue as a process, on the one hand, there is a stage of moral evaluation standard, on the other hand, there is a highest moral standard. This makes Mencius show different attitudes to moral failure in different texts. Through the analysis of different levels of moral failure, we find that in Mencius, we can interpret the development dimension of virtue from the combination of social desire and Confucian ethics. In this dimension, "recognition of others" and "good name" have higher moral value than the pursuit of sensual desire. Although "good name" is a kind of moral failure compared with the ultimate moral motive, it has positive significance in the aspect of being able to give up material desire and practice Confucian ethics. On the issue of moral failure, the social aspect of the person symbolized by "good name" may become an important intermediary link in the whole cultivation of virtue. On the practical level of virtue cultivation, the affirmation of the process of human social development may also provide a new way to solve the problem of moral development which can not be solved logically from "four ends" to "four virtues" and emotional expansion.
【作者單位】： 復(fù)旦大學(xué)哲學(xué)學(xué)院;
【分類號】：B82-092

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