佛羅倫薩共和憲政的興衰（12-16世紀(jì)）
本文關(guān)鍵詞：佛羅倫薩共和憲政的興衰（12-16世紀(jì)），，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
佛羅倫薩共和憲政的興衰（12-16世紀(jì)）
佛羅倫薩共和憲政的興衰（12-16世紀(jì)）
佛羅倫薩共和國是中世紀(jì)意大利最重要的城市國家之一,曾長期位居中意大利霸主地位。在共和國數(shù)百年的歷史上,佛羅倫薩在政治、經(jīng)濟、科學(xué)文化等方面都取得了輝煌成就,特別是在政治制度方面,與同時代的威尼斯一起,進行了城市共和憲政的積極探索,創(chuàng)造了豐富而寶貴的經(jīng)驗,時至今日,仍然具有重要的研究價值。本文擬從淺析淺析中世紀(jì)佛羅倫薩的社會狀況入手,運用歷史淺析淺析、比較淺析淺析和法社會學(xué)的策略,對12-16世紀(jì)佛羅倫薩憲政的興衰嬗變、結(jié)構(gòu)特點等不足作一系統(tǒng)論述。論文主體分為六個大部分。第一部分首先淺析淺析了中世紀(jì)佛羅倫薩的社會經(jīng)濟狀況,旨在揭示憲政產(chǎn)生的歷史條件。自12世紀(jì)取得自治地位時起,佛羅倫薩的工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展十分迅速,在很短時間內(nèi)便脫穎而出,成為歐洲經(jīng)濟最發(fā)達的城市國家之一。佛羅倫薩的經(jīng)濟主要以毛織業(yè)、毛呢加工業(yè)、國際貿(mào)易及銀行業(yè)為基礎(chǔ),其中,毛織業(yè)是其支柱工業(yè),也是國家財富的主要來源,全國計有三分之一以上的人口以此為生。工業(yè)經(jīng)營方式也發(fā)生了變化,工人和工場主之間的關(guān)系已演變成契約性的雇傭關(guān)系,生產(chǎn)過程采用流水作業(yè),分工精細,開始具備資本主義企業(yè)的特點。在農(nóng)村,農(nóng)奴制和封建地租已經(jīng)廢除,分成制經(jīng)營成為主導(dǎo)方式,農(nóng)民的人身依附枷鎖已被打碎。生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的變化,使佛羅倫薩的國家性質(zhì)開始發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變,已初步具備了資本主義的社會屬性,這為憲政的產(chǎn)生奠定了基礎(chǔ)。第二部分介紹了佛羅倫薩獨立和憲政起源的過程。佛羅倫薩是一座歷史悠久的文化古城,早年曾先后遭受多個封建王國的統(tǒng)治。經(jīng)過該市市民的不懈斗爭,于12世紀(jì)取得獨立后,迅速成為歐洲最典型的城市公社之一。從公社運動的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階級和他們的要求來看,該市爭取自治權(quán)的斗爭實際上是新型社會關(guān)系對封建舊體制的反抗,諸多進步因素體現(xiàn)其中。公社成立后,佛羅倫薩建立了自己的司法制度和管理機構(gòu)。從職責(zé)權(quán)限上來看,這些機構(gòu)已具備了近代憲政國家機構(gòu)的輪廓。因此,可以認為,公社時期是佛羅倫薩憲政的萌芽階段。第三部分論述了佛羅倫薩共和憲政的發(fā)展過程。12世紀(jì)后期,佛羅倫薩建立共和國,憲政制度由此進入了蓬勃發(fā)展階段。其發(fā)展是經(jīng)過多次市民斗爭逐步實現(xiàn)的,最主要的有兩件大事,一是《正義法規(guī)》的頒布,二是梳毛工起義。前者通過制定一系列的法令,將封建貴族排除在政府顯要官職之外;后者通過暴力斗爭,極大地擴充了共和國的社群基礎(chǔ)。第四部分概述了共和國鼎盛時期佛羅倫薩憲政的結(jié)構(gòu)與特點。共和國建立后,經(jīng)過革新,逐漸形成了一套較為完善的國家機構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。主要由首長會議、旗手團、賢人團、人民會議、公社會議等固定機構(gòu)以及其它一些臨時機構(gòu)組成,這套組織架構(gòu)為共和國后期歷屆政府所遵循。從各機構(gòu)的關(guān)系看,它們職權(quán)明晰,已初步具有了立法、司法和行政機關(guān)多碩博在線論文網(wǎng)分權(quán)的特點。此外,還表現(xiàn)出如下一些特點:多數(shù)機構(gòu)的官員由抽簽選舉產(chǎn)生,民主、法治、自由協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,宗派斗爭此起彼伏,人文主義色彩濃厚等。第五部分探討了家族集權(quán)與佛羅倫薩憲政衰亡的關(guān)系。進入共和國后期,佛羅倫薩共和憲政陷入了嚴重的危機之中,主要表現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)外局勢惡化、封建土地經(jīng)濟死灰復(fù)燃、家族集權(quán)明顯三個方面。其中,顯貴家族的集權(quán)成為佛羅倫薩憲政衰落的重要因素,特別是美第奇家族的專權(quán),直接導(dǎo)致了佛羅倫薩共和憲政的衰亡。15世紀(jì)后,在家族集權(quán)的影響下,佛羅倫薩顯貴家族制約了共和國的絕大多數(shù)職位,國家統(tǒng)治基礎(chǔ)不斷縮小,民主淪喪,自由觀念淡化,文化也開始停滯不前,最終建立了美第奇家族的君主專制統(tǒng)治,共和國滅亡。佛羅倫薩憲政也隨之終結(jié)。最后一部分對佛羅倫薩共和憲政的價值和局限性進行了簡要的淺析淺析評價。憲政體制一度賦予了佛羅倫薩強大的活力,使之短時間內(nèi)取得了巨大成就,成為中世紀(jì)歐洲政治、經(jīng)濟、文化飛速發(fā)展的國家的典型代表。但由于時代和社會環(huán)境的局限,佛羅倫薩的憲政體制還存在諸多缺陷。主要有以下幾點:佛羅倫薩憲政制度中彌漫著濃厚的封建殘余;分權(quán)制衡體制不夠健全;國家機構(gòu)臃腫,工作效率低下;缺乏科學(xué)理論的支撐等。上述第三、四、五部分是文章的重點和中心所在,故而花費筆墨較多,目的在于通過系統(tǒng)、客觀的綜合淺析淺析,全方位地展示佛羅倫薩憲政制度的興衰歷史,以期彌補國內(nèi)對中世紀(jì)憲政研究的不足,并進而發(fā)現(xiàn)憲政形成與發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律。
【Abstract】 The Republic of Florence was one of the most important city-states of Italy in the Middle Ages and ranked hegemony long-term in the central Italy. Hundreds of years in the history of the Republic, Florence made brilliant achievements in the political, economic, scientific and cultural fields, etc. Especially in the political system, together with the contemporaries Venice, conducted active exploration of the republican constitutional government and created rich and valuable experiences, which still have important research value until today. This paper intends to analyze the social conditions of medieval Florence and expounds the rise and decline of the constitutional government of Florence, structure and characteristics in the 12-16th century by historical analysis, comparative analysis and methods of sociology.This paper consists of six major parts.The first part analyzes social situations of medieval Florence to reveal the historical conditions of constitutional government. Since the 12th century, Florence’s industry and agriculture developed rapidly. And in a very short time, it emerged as one of the most economically developed cities in Europe. Florence’s economy mainly based on woolen industry, the wool processing industry, international trade and banking, where woolen industry was the pillar industry and also the major source of national wealth, more than one third of the population in the country lived on it. Industrial operation mode changed and the relationship between workers and mill owners evolved into a contractual employment, production process with line operation and specialization, which began with the characteristics of capitalist enterprises. In rural areas, the serf system and the feudal government rent had been abolished, the sharecropping system operation became a leading way and farmers’personal shackles were broken. Changes in production relations made the national nature of Florence changed and possessed preliminary nature of capitalist society, which was the basis of constitutional government.The second part introduces the process of Florence independence and constitutional origins. Florence was a historic ancient city and in his early years was ruled successively by many feudal countries. After people’s relentless struggle, Florence achieved independence in the 12th century and quickly became one of the most typical urban communes in European. From the commune movement of the leading class and their requests, the struggle for autonomy was actually a new social relation against the old feudal system, which reflected many positive factors. After founding the commune, Florence established its own judicial system and administration. From the duties, these agencies already had a rough sketch of modern constitutional state. Therefore, it is believed that commune period is the early stage of constitutional government of Florence.The third part discusses the development of the republican constitutional government of Florence. The late 12th century, the establishment of the Republic of Florence, the constitutional system entered a phase of vigorous development. Its development is gradually realized by the many people’s struggle. There are mainly two things. First is the Ordinances of Justice promulgated, and second is the revolt of Ciompi. The former, through formulating a series of laws, excluded feudal nobility from the prominent offices of the government. The latter, through the violent struggle, greatly expanded the community foundation of the Republic.The fourth part outlines the structure and features of the constitutional government of Florence during the heyday of the Republic. After the founding of the Republic, it gradually formed a relatively complete system of national institutions through the reform. It was mainly consisted by“Priorate”,“gonfaloniere”,“buonuomini”,“Council of People”,“Council of Commune”and other temporary agencies. This organization was followed by successive governments in the late Republic. View from the relationship between the agencies, their authority was clarity. It has initial characteristics of the multiple separation of powers with the legislative, judicial and administrative organs. In addition, there were still other features. Such as, most officials were elected by the ballot; democracy, rule of law, freedom developed harmoniously; the sectarian struggles happened continuously; humanism had strong sense and so on. The fifth part discussed the relationship between the family centralization and the decline of constitutional government of Florence. In the late Republic, the republican constitutional government of Florence dropped into a serious crisis. It mainly consisted in the deterioration of the situation at home and abroad, the resurgence of feudal land economy and the remarkableness of family centralized power. Among them, the centralization of distinguished family was an important factor in the decline of the constitutional government, especially the autocracy of the Medici, directly leading to the decline of the republican constitutional government of Florence. After the 15th century, under the influence of family centralization, the distinguished Florence family controlled the majority positions of the Republic. The national rule base is shrinking, the democracy decayed, the concept of freedom weakened and the culture began to stagnate. Eventually the absolute monarchy of the Medici family was eventually established. The Republic and the constitutional government of Florence came to an end.The last part briefly evaluates and analyzes the value and limitations of the republican constitutional government of Florence. Constitutional system once gave great vitality to Florence, made great achievements in a short time and became typical representatives of rapid development of medieval European politics, economy and culture. However, for the limitations of time and social environment, there were many defects in the constitutional system of Florence. There were the following aspects: Florentine constitutional system was filled with the strong remnants of feudalism; separation of powers was not a sound system; national institutions were overstaffed and inefficient; lack of the support of scientific theories.The above third, fourth, fifth part is the focus and center of the thesis and takes more part to all-round display historical rise and decline of the constitutional system through the systematic and objective analysis, in order to make up deficiency for domestic research on medieval constitutional government, and thus find the general rule of the formation and development of constitutional government.
【關(guān)鍵詞】 共和憲政； 正義法規(guī)； 多碩博在線論文網(wǎng)分權(quán)； 家族集權(quán)；【Key words】 Republican constitutional government； Ordinances of Justice； Multiple separation of powers； family centralization；
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本文關(guān)鍵詞：佛羅倫薩共和憲政的興衰（12-16世紀(jì)），由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
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