持續(xù)上升的溫度和二氧化碳濃度能夠調(diào)節(jié)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的三級營養(yǎng)關(guān)系,然而很少研究探討持續(xù)干旱對三級營養(yǎng)關(guān)系的影響。因此,我們比較了“小麥-蚜蟲-寄生蜂”系統(tǒng)對水分飽和條件以及中度和重度缺水脅迫條件的響應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明與半干旱地區(qū)和濕潤地區(qū)的相比,干旱地區(qū)來源的麥長管蚜[Sitobion avenae（Fabricius）]克隆系發(fā)育歷期延長,且其發(fā)育會隨著缺水脅迫水平的增加而延緩。不同地區(qū)來源的麥長管蚜克隆系的蟲體大小都會隨著缺水脅迫水平的增加而減小,表明重度缺水脅迫下其對干旱的適應(yīng)潛力有所下降。重度缺水脅迫條件下,濕潤地區(qū)來源的麥長管蚜在面對煙蚜繭蜂[Aphidius gifuensis（Ashmead）]時比干旱地區(qū)的有更高的后退動作頻率;在水分充足的條件下,濕潤地區(qū)來源的麥長管蚜比干旱地區(qū)的有更高的踢腿防御動作頻率。這說明小麥蚜蟲對寄生蜂攻擊的抵抗表現(xiàn)出一種水分脅迫程度依賴模式。蚜蟲10分鐘內(nèi)被寄生蜂攻擊的數(shù)量呈現(xiàn)出隨著水分脅迫加劇而下降的趨勢,并且在高強(qiáng)度水分脅迫下麥蚜的被寄生率也呈下降趨勢。與之相應(yīng)的是,在高強(qiáng)度水0分脅迫下,寄生蜂的發(fā)育有所延緩。為探討長期水分脅迫的作用,我們在中度水... 

【文章頁數(shù)】：124 頁

【學(xué)位級別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
摘要
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION PAGE
    1.1 IMPACT OF INCREASING DROUGHT FROMGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
    1.2 THE WHEAT APHID SITOBION AVENAE (FABRICIUS)
        1.2.1 SITOBION AVENAE AS AN AGRICULTURAL PEST
        1.2.2 HOST DETECTION AND FEEDING MECHANISM
        1.2.3 PREVENTION AND CONTROL
    1.3 THE PARASITOID APHIDIUS GIFUENSIS (ASHMEAD)
        1.3.1 IMPORTANCE OF APHIDIUS GIFUENSIS (ASHMEAD)
        1.3.2 HOST SEARCHING MECHANISM
        1.3.3 HOST SELECTION
    1.4 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
CHAPTER 2. IMPACTS OF WATER-DEFICIT STRESS ON TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS INVOLVING FIRST GENERATION SITOBION AVENAE
    2.1 ABSTRACT
    2.2 INTRODUCTION
    2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
    2.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSES
    2.5 RESULTS
    2.6 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 3. IMPACT OF LONG-TERM WATER-DEFICIT ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF SITOBION AVENAE AND APHIDIUS GIFUENSIS
    3.1 ABSTRACT
    3.2 INTRODUCTION
    3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
    3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSES
    3.5 RESULTS
    3.6 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 4. IMPACT OF LONG-TERM WATER-DEFICIT ON BEHAVIORS OF SITOBION AVENAE AND APHIDIUS GIFUENSIS
    4.1 ABSTRACT
    4.2 INTRODUCTION
    4.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
    4.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSES
    4.5 RESULTS
    4.6 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 5. COMPARISONS BETWEEN GENERATION ONE AND TEN ON DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF SITOBION AVENAE UNDER WATER-DEFICIT STRESS
    5.1 ABSTRACT
    5.2 INTRODUCTION
    5.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
    5.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSES
    5.5 RESULTS
    5.6 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 6. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABOUT AUTHOR



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