中國宗族主義與日本集團(tuán)主義的比較研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-12-19 15:38
【摘要】：在西方各國際性大都市中，凡有“唐人街”，均可見林立的“宗親會”；而鄰近常有的日本街和朝鮮街，多的卻是各類“商會”。同一“文化圈”，差別之大，一望可知。中國的宗族主義和日本的集團(tuán)主義都起源于農(nóng)耕文化，然而時代變遷，為何使得兩種文化分道揚鑣？ 宗族主義既不是中國獨有的，集團(tuán)主義也不是日本所獨有的。早在上個世界，英國作家亨利梅因、法國作家古朗士、蘇聯(lián)作家阿甫基耶夫等的著作里就已提及到貴族宗族和平民宗族。自19世紀(jì)下半葉發(fā)展起來的現(xiàn)代文化人類學(xué)和社會人類學(xué)，又通過研究者的親身體驗，詳盡地記錄并比較了遍布于世界各地的大部分民族的社會制度，進(jìn)一步證明了這些民族都曾在一定的歷史時期或至今仍存在著某種程度的宗族形式。宗族雖然是普遍存在的，但任何地區(qū)、任何國家、任何民族不曾經(jīng)歷過像中國這樣的宗族制度。其他地方的人們不會像中國人那樣把私生活和自己的宗族制度緊密地聯(lián)系在一起。時代的變遷使得世界各古老民族大都把自己歷史上有過的宗族放到博物館里去了，唯獨中國人和日本人，這些宗族（集團(tuán)）意識仍根深蒂固的融入在他們的血液里。 東西方文化中，其中較大的差異便是東方國家較為重視集體主義，而西方國家更為重視個人主義。同處東方的中國與日本，自古以來便有著集體主義的歷史傳承，，但因在不同民族、不同文化傳統(tǒng)的影響下，也使得兩個國家集團(tuán)主義存在較大差異。從中日的集體主義發(fā)展的進(jìn)程來看，兩國都以“家族主義”或者說是集團(tuán)主義為倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國的集團(tuán)主義也就是今天常提到的宗族主義，中日兩國在社會傳統(tǒng)家庭有著諸多的相似之處，但是在家族成員的資格認(rèn)同上卻存在著一定的差異：中國人更強(qiáng)調(diào)“血筋”，即血緣關(guān)系的共同性；而日本人則更側(cè)重于“地緣”，即共同生活的“場”。其次，日本集團(tuán)內(nèi)部通常以“忠孝恭順”為教義，要求集團(tuán)成員絕對服從、執(zhí)行集團(tuán)的所有決議。不希望集團(tuán)成員存有異議。采取“劃一制度”的原則。很少采用“多數(shù)表決”的方式。中國宗族主義在古代雖然也是忠孝、服從，但是主要還是強(qiáng)調(diào)“孝”和“仁愛”，現(xiàn)代中國社會集團(tuán)里主要采取“少數(shù)服從多數(shù)的表決制度”。隨著時代的發(fā)展，中日在集團(tuán)歸屬上也存在著較大差異。現(xiàn)代社會中，日本人更具有集團(tuán)的歸屬意識。中國則恰恰相反，更注重個人的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:In every international metropolis in the West, "Chinatown" can be found in numerous "clergy", while in the vicinity of Japan Street and Korean Street, most of them are "chambers of commerce." The same "cultural circle", the big difference, see. Chinese clansmen and Japanese collectivists both originated from farming culture. However, why did the two cultures diverge from each other in the changing times? Patriarchalism is neither unique to China nor is it unique to Japan. As early as in the last world, the British writer Henry Moine, the French writer Gulangs, the Soviet writer Avkeyev and so on the work already mentioned the aristocratic clan and the common clan. Modern cultural anthropology and social anthropology, developed since the second half of the 19th century, and through the personal experience of researchers, have documented and compared in detail the social systems of most peoples throughout the world, It is further proved that these ethnic groups existed in a certain historical period or still exist some degree of clan form. Although clansmen are widespread, no region, no country, no nation has ever experienced a clan system like China. Elsewhere, people do not associate their private lives with their clans as closely as the Chinese do. The changes of the times have made most of the world's ancient peoples put their historical clansmen in museums, except for the Chinese and the Japanese, whose sense of clan (group) is still deeply ingrained in their blood. In the eastern and western cultures, the greater difference is that the Eastern countries attach more importance to collectivism, while the Western countries attach more importance to individualism. China and Japan, which are in the same east, have the historical heritage of collectivism since ancient times, but under the influence of different nationalities and different cultural traditions, the two countries also have great differences in collectivism. From the perspective of the development of collectivism in China and Japan, both countries regard "familism" or "collectivism" as the ethical standard. China's collectivism, which is often referred to today, is patriarchal. China and Japan share many similarities in the traditional social family, but there are certain differences in the qualification of family members: the Chinese emphasize more on "blood and blood." That is, the concomitant of blood relationship; The Japanese, on the other hand, put more emphasis on the "geography", the "field" of living together. Secondly, the doctrine of "loyalty, filial piety and obedience" is usually adopted within the Japanese group, requiring its members to obey and implement all its resolutions. Members of the group are not expected to disagree. Adopt the principle of "uniform system". A majority vote is rarely used. Although Chinese patriarchalism in ancient times was loyal and filial piety, but mainly emphasized "filial piety" and "benevolence", the modern Chinese social group mainly adopted the "minority clothing from majority voting system". With the development of the times, there are great differences in group ownership between China and Japan. In modern society, the Japanese have the sense of belonging to the group. China, on the contrary, pays more attention to personal development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：C912.4
本文編號：2387118
[Abstract]:In every international metropolis in the West, "Chinatown" can be found in numerous "clergy", while in the vicinity of Japan Street and Korean Street, most of them are "chambers of commerce." The same "cultural circle", the big difference, see. Chinese clansmen and Japanese collectivists both originated from farming culture. However, why did the two cultures diverge from each other in the changing times? Patriarchalism is neither unique to China nor is it unique to Japan. As early as in the last world, the British writer Henry Moine, the French writer Gulangs, the Soviet writer Avkeyev and so on the work already mentioned the aristocratic clan and the common clan. Modern cultural anthropology and social anthropology, developed since the second half of the 19th century, and through the personal experience of researchers, have documented and compared in detail the social systems of most peoples throughout the world, It is further proved that these ethnic groups existed in a certain historical period or still exist some degree of clan form. Although clansmen are widespread, no region, no country, no nation has ever experienced a clan system like China. Elsewhere, people do not associate their private lives with their clans as closely as the Chinese do. The changes of the times have made most of the world's ancient peoples put their historical clansmen in museums, except for the Chinese and the Japanese, whose sense of clan (group) is still deeply ingrained in their blood. In the eastern and western cultures, the greater difference is that the Eastern countries attach more importance to collectivism, while the Western countries attach more importance to individualism. China and Japan, which are in the same east, have the historical heritage of collectivism since ancient times, but under the influence of different nationalities and different cultural traditions, the two countries also have great differences in collectivism. From the perspective of the development of collectivism in China and Japan, both countries regard "familism" or "collectivism" as the ethical standard. China's collectivism, which is often referred to today, is patriarchal. China and Japan share many similarities in the traditional social family, but there are certain differences in the qualification of family members: the Chinese emphasize more on "blood and blood." That is, the concomitant of blood relationship; The Japanese, on the other hand, put more emphasis on the "geography", the "field" of living together. Secondly, the doctrine of "loyalty, filial piety and obedience" is usually adopted within the Japanese group, requiring its members to obey and implement all its resolutions. Members of the group are not expected to disagree. Adopt the principle of "uniform system". A majority vote is rarely used. Although Chinese patriarchalism in ancient times was loyal and filial piety, but mainly emphasized "filial piety" and "benevolence", the modern Chinese social group mainly adopted the "minority clothing from majority voting system". With the development of the times, there are great differences in group ownership between China and Japan. In modern society, the Japanese have the sense of belonging to the group. China, on the contrary, pays more attention to personal development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：C912.4
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條
1 常建華;明代宗族祠廟祭祖禮制及其演變[J];南開學(xué)報;2001年03期
2 科大衛(wèi),劉志偉;宗族與地方社會的國家認(rèn)同——明清華南地區(qū)宗族發(fā)展的意識形態(tài)基礎(chǔ)[J];歷史研究;2000年03期
本文編號：2387118
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