【摘要】：Allee效應(yīng)是指低密度時個體適合度與種群密度之間的一種正關(guān)系,是當(dāng)前生態(tài)學(xué)、入侵生物學(xué)和保護(hù)生物學(xué)的研究熱點。近年來有大量的實驗證據(jù)表明物種存在多Allee效應(yīng),而且形成Allee效應(yīng)的機制很多,因此研究多Allee效應(yīng)如何影響種群動態(tài)和續(xù)存是非常必要的,但目前對多Allee效應(yīng)的理論研究很少。本論文主要從理論上討論Allee效應(yīng)及多Allee效應(yīng)對種群的時空動態(tài)影響。首先詳細(xì)討論了Allee效應(yīng)的定義、形成機制、類型、模型以及它在生物保護(hù)學(xué)中的應(yīng)用;然后通過機理性建模和現(xiàn)象性建模相結(jié)合的方式建立了空間結(jié)構(gòu)種群的多Allee效應(yīng)模型,研究了兩個組分Allee效應(yīng)的相互作用,并通過元胞自動機模型和概率轉(zhuǎn)移模型揭示了局部擴(kuò)散對多Allee效應(yīng)及種群穩(wěn)定性的影響;最后建立了遭受Allee效應(yīng)的Lotka-Volterra互惠模型,研究了全局?jǐn)U散和局部擴(kuò)散下Allee效應(yīng)對互惠種群穩(wěn)定性的影響。論文主要采用兩種研究手法:一是構(gòu)建微分動力系統(tǒng)模型,利用相平面分析以及數(shù)值解對系統(tǒng)的平衡點及其穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行闡述;二是建立空間顯含模型并進(jìn)行模擬,實現(xiàn)空間模式、結(jié)構(gòu)與動態(tài)的可視化,彌補空間隱含模型對空間結(jié)構(gòu)研究的不足。通過上面幾個方面的研究,主要得出如下新結(jié)果:(1)生物有機體對環(huán)境的修復(fù)是系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生Allee效應(yīng)(雙穩(wěn)態(tài))的關(guān)鍵因素,生物有機體與環(huán)境的反饋可產(chǎn)生弱Allee效應(yīng)、強Allee效應(yīng)和致命Allee效應(yīng);(2)生物有機體與環(huán)境的反饋產(chǎn)生的Allee效應(yīng)(AE-by-OEF)與其他機制引起的Allee效應(yīng)(AE-by-OM)之間的相互作用(多Allee效應(yīng)),不僅擴(kuò)大了Allee閾值,而且改變了Allee效應(yīng)的類型,很大程度上增加了種群的滅絕風(fēng)險;(3)多個Allee效應(yīng)可能比單個Allee效應(yīng)的簡單和更強,這意味著多個Allee效應(yīng)的相互作用可以是非線性的;(4)AE-by-OM是種群動態(tài)的不穩(wěn)定因素,強度過大種群將滅絕;在AE-by-OM的適當(dāng)強度下,AE-by-OEF是種群動態(tài)的穩(wěn)定化因素,生物有機體對環(huán)境的正反饋越大,越有利于種群的續(xù)存;(5)生物有機體與環(huán)境之間的空間局部相互作用可以使單獨的或疊加的Allee效應(yīng)大大減輕甚至消失,局部擴(kuò)散有利于種群的續(xù)存;(6)雖然受到Allee效應(yīng)的種群在低密度局部區(qū)域會使子種群滅絕,但是在高密度區(qū)域可以使種群全局續(xù)存,模式形成可以防止種群滅絕;(7)通�；セ蓐P(guān)系使系統(tǒng)不穩(wěn)定,引入Allee效應(yīng)后能使系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定,因此,Allee效應(yīng)對互惠系統(tǒng)起穩(wěn)定化作用;(8)Allee效應(yīng)在互惠種群動態(tài)中扮演穩(wěn)定還是不穩(wěn)定角色取決于它的強度;強Allee效應(yīng)會導(dǎo)致其中一個物種滅絕或兩個物種同時滅絕,但物種間的互惠作用減小了系統(tǒng)的Allee閾值,降低了物種的滅絕風(fēng)險。
[Abstract]:Allee effect is a positive relationship between individual fitness and population density at low density. It is a hot topic in ecology, invasive biology and conservation biology. In recent years, there is a lot of experimental evidence that there are many Allee effects in species, and there are many mechanisms to form Allee effects. Therefore, it is necessary to study how the multiple Allee effect affects population dynamics and survival, but there are few theoretical studies on the multi-Allee effect at present. In this paper, the effects of Allee effect and multiple Allee effect on the spatial and temporal dynamics of the population are discussed theoretically. Firstly, the definition, formation mechanism, type, model and its application in biological conservation of Allee effect are discussed in detail, and then the multi-Allee effect model of spatial structure population is established by combining mechanical modeling with phenomenal modeling. The interaction of Allee effect between two components is studied, and the effect of local diffusion on multiple Allee effect and population stability is revealed by cellular automata model and probabilistic transfer model. Finally, a Lotka-Volterra reciprocal model is established, which suffers from Allee effect. The effect of Allee effect on the stability of reciprocal population under global diffusion and local diffusion is studied. This paper mainly adopts two research methods: one is to construct the differential dynamic system model, the other is to establish the spatial explicit model and simulate the equilibrium point and stability of the system by using phase plane analysis and numerical solution. To realize the visualization of spatial pattern, structure and dynamics, and to make up for the deficiency of spatial implicit model in the study of spatial structure. The main results are as follows: (1) the restoration of the environment by biological organisms is the key factor to produce the Allee effect (bistable state) of the system, and the feedback between the organism and the environment can produce the weak Allee effect. Strong Allee effect and fatal Allee effect, (2) interaction between Allee effect (AE-by-OEF) and Allee effect (AE-by-OM) induced by other mechanisms not only enlarged Allee threshold, but also changed the type of Allee effect. (3) multiple Allee effects may be simpler and stronger than individual Allee effects, which means that the interactions of multiple Allee effects can be nonlinear; (4) AE-by-OM is an unstable factor in population dynamics. If the intensity is too large, the population will go extinct; under the appropriate intensity of AE-by-OM, AE-by-OEF is the stabilizing factor of the population dynamics, and the positive feedback of biological organisms to the environment is greater. (5) the spatial local interaction between organism and environment can greatly reduce or even disappear the individual or superimposed Allee effect. (6) although the population affected by Allee effect will become extinct in the low density region, the population can survive globally in the high density region. The model formation can prevent the population extinction. (7) the system is unstable by mutual relations, and the system can be stabilized by introducing the Allee effect. Therefore, the Allee effect plays a stabilizing role in the reciprocal system; (8) the Allee effect plays a stable or unstable role in the reciprocal population dynamics depending on its intensity; the strong Allee effect can result in one species extinction or two species extinction at the same time. But the reciprocity between species reduces the Allee threshold of the system and reduces the extinction risk of species.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：O175

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