本文選題：普遍數(shù)學 + 笛卡爾　； 參考：《上海師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：笛卡爾作為近代哲學的創(chuàng)始人,他創(chuàng)立了一套理性主義的方法,形成了較完整的科學方法論,并運用這套方法來建立自己的哲學體系。在笛卡爾的早期思想中,笛卡爾選擇了結合“量”、“秩序”與“理性”的數(shù)學方法作為其方法的模式,建立了一套以“普遍數(shù)學”為指導原則,以精神直觀和理性演繹為核心,以分析和綜合為步驟的獨特數(shù)學方法論體系。并將這種方法運用到具體數(shù)學中,創(chuàng)立了解析幾何學,打開了數(shù)學史上新紀元�！捌毡閿�(shù)學”思想的思維方式、數(shù)學的論證方法、數(shù)學的本質特征都在很大程度上影響了笛卡爾哲學思想及其哲學體系的建構。“普遍數(shù)學”對西方近代的其他理性主義哲學家斯賓諾莎、萊布尼茨、帕斯卡爾等人的哲學觀也產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響�！捌毡閿�(shù)學”的思想讓數(shù)學推動了西方近代哲學家對于世界本原的思考,這種影響是基于人類的理性追求秩序、確定、永恒、統(tǒng)一的內(nèi)在的自然傾向和數(shù)學證明所彰顯的確定、有序、自明的形式的內(nèi)在同一性。對于“普遍數(shù)學”思想的研究,國內(nèi)一部分學者把重點放在“普遍數(shù)學”的翻譯上,以探求“普遍數(shù)學”和“普遍方法”的區(qū)別問題;也有學者把笛卡爾的數(shù)學思想放在整個西方近代哲學史上進行綜合性考量。國外研究主要集中在笛卡爾數(shù)學思想中的具體數(shù)學問題;還有學者關注出現(xiàn)“普遍數(shù)學”思想的《探求真理的指導原則》的文本的重要性和完整性。根據(jù)國內(nèi)外相關文獻,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)并沒有對于笛卡爾“普遍數(shù)學”的系統(tǒng)性研究,所以這就是本文的構思初衷。首先本文第一章就笛卡爾所處的時代背景進行考察,特殊的生長環(huán)境、教育背景,為笛卡爾的“普遍數(shù)學”思想提供了前期準備。宗教思想的碰撞、教會學校對數(shù)學教育的重視、生長環(huán)境的自由與開放,都讓笛卡爾對于數(shù)學的確定性、簡明性開始著迷。第二章對“普遍數(shù)學”的思想淵源進行探討,柏拉圖的可知世界、奧古斯丁的“自然之光”,從一定程度上都影響著笛卡爾“普遍數(shù)學”思想的形成,再加上伽利略的定量方法造成了科學革命的爆發(fā),并導致科學主義的興起,哲學開始往科學化和數(shù)學化的方向發(fā)展,這一切都是“普遍數(shù)學”思想產(chǎn)生所需要的時代背景。第三章就“普遍數(shù)學”的思想涵義展開討論,最初“普遍數(shù)學”一詞在何文本中出現(xiàn),笛卡爾對其的解釋又是什么,笛卡爾早期從事的分析數(shù)學和后來的物理數(shù)學等相關領域如何體現(xiàn)了“普遍數(shù)學”的思想。第四章重點討論現(xiàn)在爭議最多的,出現(xiàn)“普遍數(shù)學”一詞的文本《探求真理的指導原則》中第四原則異構性的問題,這直接表明了笛卡爾在書寫文本時處在了不同的兩個時期,而這關鍵的兩個時期恰好很好的說明了笛卡爾關于”普遍數(shù)學”思想從早期雛形到后來在實踐應用的整個過程。這對整體把握“普遍數(shù)學”思想有著很大的作用。本文對笛卡爾的“普遍數(shù)學”思想的闡釋,希望能夠系統(tǒng)性理解“普遍數(shù)學”的思想涵義�！捌毡閿�(shù)學”思想在近代哲學史、數(shù)學史上都產(chǎn)生了深遠影響,這個方面本文沒有進行詳細討論,相關內(nèi)容有待進一步研究。
[Abstract]:As the founder of modern philosophy, Descartes created a set of rationalist methods, formed a more complete scientific methodology and used this set of methods to establish his own philosophical system. In the early thoughts of Descartes, Descartes chose the mathematical method of combining "quantity", "order" and "rational" as the model of his method. A set of unique mathematical methodology system is set up with the principle of "universal mathematics" as the guiding principle, the core of the spiritual intuition and the rational deduction, and the analysis and synthesis of the mathematical methodology. And this method is applied to the concrete mathematics, and the analytic geometry is founded, the new era of mathematical history has been opened. The thinking mode of "universal mathematics" thought and mathematics have been opened. The method of argumentation and the essential characteristics of mathematics have greatly influenced the construction of Descartes's philosophy and its philosophical system. "Universal mathematics" has a profound influence on the philosophy of other western modern rationalist philosophers, Spinoza, Leibniz, Pascale and others. It has promoted the thinking of the modern western philosophers on the original world. This effect is based on the intrinsic identity of the definite, orderly and self-evident form based on the rational pursuit of order, determination, eternity, unity and mathematical proof, based on the rational pursuit of order, determination, eternity, and mathematical proof. For the study of "universal mathematics", some scholars in China focus on the research. In the translation of "universal mathematics", the difference between "universal mathematics" and "universal method" was explored, and some scholars put Descartes's mathematical thought in the history of modern western philosophy to make a comprehensive consideration. Foreign studies mainly focused on the specific mathematical problems in Descartes's mathematical thought; and some scholars paid attention to the emergence of "universal mathematics". According to the relevant literature at home and abroad, the author finds that there is no systematic study of Cartesian "universal mathematics", so this is the original intention of this article. First of all, the first chapter of this article is to investigate the background of the times of the flute Carle. The growth environment and educational background provide the early preparation for Descartes's "universal mathematics" thought. The collision of religious thought, the attention of the church school to mathematics education, the freedom and opening of the growing environment all let Descartes be fascinated by the certainty and simplicity of mathematics. The second chapter discusses the ideological origin of "universal mathematics". Platon's knowable world and Augustin's "light of nature", to a certain extent, influenced the formation of Cartesian "universal mathematics", and the quantitative method of Galileo caused the outbreak of the scientific revolution, which led to the rise of scientism and the development of Philosophy in the direction of science and mathematics, all of which were " The third chapter discusses the ideological meaning of "universal mathematics". The first "universal mathematics" is discussed in the third chapter. The first word "universal mathematics" appears in the text, what is the explanation of the "general mathematics", and how the relevant fields such as the analytical mathematics and the later physics and mathematics that Descartes engaged in earlier are "universal." The fourth chapter focuses on the most controversial, the text of the word "universal mathematics", "the guiding principle of seeking truth", the problem of the isomerism of the fourth principles, which directly indicates that Descartes was in a different two period when writing the text, and the two period of the key was just a good explanation of the Cartesian card. The whole process of the idea of "universal mathematics" from early embryonic form to practical application. This has a great effect on the overall grasp of "universal mathematics". This article explains Descartes's "universal mathematics" thought, hoping to systematically understand the ideological meaning of "universal mathematics". "Universal mathematics" is in the near future. The history of philosophy and the history of mathematics have had a profound impact. This aspect has not been discussed in detail, and the relevant contents need further study.
【學位授予單位】：上海師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：O1-0

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本文編號：1952045