發(fā)布時間：2018-03-31 16:04

  本文選題：清宮數(shù)學儀器　切入點：納白爾籌　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：故宮博物院收藏的數(shù)學儀器,從時間上來說,基本制于17世紀前后。從種類上來說,可分為度量儀器和計算工具兩大類。從來源上看,一部分由西方各國使團、傳教士攜來直接進獻給康熙皇帝;一部分是由清宮造辦處依據(jù)西洋數(shù)學儀器而制成的仿制品、改制品或研制品。本文以這些珍貴的科技遺存為主線,結(jié)合中外文獻資料,系統(tǒng)地研究了清廷中西洋數(shù)學儀器的傳入和制作情況,重點做了以下工作:1.以文獻資料為線索,回顧了中國計算工具的歷史沿革,梳理了明清之際西洋數(shù)學儀器中納白爾籌、比例規(guī)、計算尺和帕斯卡計算機的傳入情況,以及在民間的影響。2.論述了康熙帝對于西洋數(shù)學儀器的態(tài)度,通過相關的中外文獻記載,印證數(shù)學儀器在清宮里的使用和制造。分類介紹了故宮現(xiàn)存的傳入的西洋數(shù)學儀器,以及歐洲傳教士輸入清宮的西洋數(shù)學儀器制作原理。3.對清宮御制的數(shù)學儀器進行分類介紹,從技術的角度研究分析了清宮造辦處對西洋數(shù)學儀器進行改制和研制的“本土化”過程。辨析這些在歐洲傳教士參與下制作的數(shù)學儀器的歷史地位和影響,以及以此反映出的中西科技、文化的交流。通過上述研究得出以下結(jié)論:1.故宮博物院收藏的清宮數(shù)學儀器基本制作于17世紀前后,說明清宮中數(shù)學儀器的引進與制作多發(fā)生于康熙年間。這與康熙皇帝的個人興趣及其在清廷主持的數(shù)學與科學研究活動有直接關系,同時與入華法國耶穌會士與葡系耶穌會士的分庭抗禮也有密切聯(lián)系。2.計算尺傳入后并未像納白爾籌和比例規(guī)一樣引起重視,相關的文獻記載很少。故宮的藏品中有一件銅鍍金綜合算尺,集合了甘特計算尺和繪圖比例尺的尺度,經(jīng)本文研究分析,認為該算尺是從外國傳入的實物。這對甘特計算尺的傳入提供了佐證。3.通過分析故宮珍藏的一批原始手搖計算機的原理和結(jié)構(gòu),認為清宮造辦處是在參考了帕斯卡計算機原理的基礎上,研制出了盤式手搖計算機;而籌式手搖計算機,則很可能是參考了佩蒂的算術圓筒或格里耶的袖珍計算機。且二者很可能制于同一時期。它們是當時歐洲新型計算工具傳入中國的唯一實證,不僅罕見珍貴,而且具有極高的研究價值。4.清宮御制的這批原始手搖計算機,與同時期歐洲同類型的計算工具相比并不落后,甚至優(yōu)于參考的原儀器。然而未能在民間推廣普及,主要是實用性較低、人為限制、成本高昂、結(jié)構(gòu)復雜等原因。
[Abstract]:The Palace Museum has a collection of mathematical instruments, which were basically made around the 17th century in time. In terms of types, they can be divided into two categories: measuring instruments and computing tools. The missionaries brought it directly to Emperor Kangxi; part of it was a imitation, modified or developed product made by the Office of the Qing Dynasty on the basis of Western mathematical instruments. This article takes these precious scientific and technological relics as the main line and combines the Chinese and foreign literature and materials. This paper systematically studies the introduction and manufacture of Western mathematical instruments in the Qing Dynasty, and focuses on the following work: 1.Based on the literature, this paper reviews the historical evolution of Chinese computing tools, and combs the Nabel chips in Western mathematical instruments during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The introduction of scale, calculation scale and Pascal computer, as well as the influence in the folk. 2.Discuss Emperor Kangxi's attitude towards Western mathematical instruments, recorded through relevant Chinese and foreign documents. Verification of the use and manufacture of mathematical instruments in the Qing palace. This paper classified and introduced the extant Western mathematical instruments in The Imperial Palace and the principles of making Western mathematical instruments imported by European missionaries into the Qing Palace. From the point of view of technology, this paper studies and analyzes the process of "localization" of western mathematical instruments made by the Office of the Qing Dynasty, and discriminates the historical status and influence of these mathematical instruments made with the participation of European missionaries. And the exchange of science, technology and culture between China and the West reflected in this way. Through the above research, we can draw the following conclusions: 1. The Palace Museum's collection of Qinggong mathematical instruments was basically made around the 17th century. It shows that the introduction and manufacture of mathematical instruments in the Qing Palace occurred during the Kangxi period. This is directly related to the personal interests of Emperor Kangxi and the mathematical and scientific research activities conducted by the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, there is also a close relationship with the competition between the French Jesuits and the Portuguese Jesuits in China .2.After the introduction of the ruler, it did not attract the same attention as Nabil and the scale rules. The collection of The Imperial Palace contains a copper gold-plated comprehensive scale, which combines the scales of the Gantt scale and the drawing scale, and is studied and analyzed in this paper. It is considered that the ruler is a material object imported from foreign countries. This provides evidence for the introduction of Gantt calculation ruler. By analyzing the principle and structure of a batch of primitive hand computers collected by The Imperial Palace, It is considered that the Qinggong office is based on the principle of Pascal computer, and developed the disk hand computer and the chip hand computer. Probably referring to Patty's arithmetic cylinder or Greer's pocket computer, and probably both of them at the same time. They were the only examples of the introduction of new European computing tools to China, and they were not only rare and precious. Moreover, the original handheld computers, which were made by the Qing Dynasty, were not lagging behind or even superior to the reference instruments compared with the same type of calculation tools in Europe during the same period. However, they failed to be popularized among the people. The main reasons are low practicability, artificial restriction, high cost, complex structure and so on.
【學位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：O11

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 陳玲;;中國古代與東亞世界的珠算文化研究[J];廈門大學學報( 哲學社會科學版);2013年05期

2 董建中;;傳教士進貢與乾隆皇帝的西洋品味[J];清史研究;2009年03期

3 劉潞;一部規(guī)范清代社會成員行為的圖譜——有關《皇朝禮器圖式》的幾個問題[J];故宮博物院院刊;2004年04期

4 韓琦,詹嘉玲;康熙時代西方數(shù)學在宮廷的傳播——以安多和《算法纂要總綱》的編纂為例[J];自然科學史研究;2003年02期

5 李文潮;萊布尼茨致閔明我的一封信及附錄(1689年7月19日羅馬)[J];中國科技史料;2002年02期

6 李迪;康熙帝與數(shù)學[J];科學技術與辯證法;2000年02期

7 席澤宗;論康熙科學政策的失誤[J];自然科學史研究;2000年01期

8 蒂爾貢,李晟文;明末清初來華法國耶穌會士與“西洋奇器”——與北美傳教活動相比較[J];中國史研究;1999年02期

9 韓琦;康熙朝法國耶穌會士在華的科學活動[J];故宮博物院院刊;1998年02期

10 劉潞;談需求與引進──從故宮所藏西方天文儀器論及[J];清史研究;1997年04期

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 張愛英;羅雅谷的《籌算》和《比例規(guī)解》在中國[D];內(nèi)蒙古師范大學;2008年

，

本文編號：1691447