發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-31 16:04

  本文選題：清宮數(shù)學(xué)儀器　切入點(diǎn)：納白爾籌　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：故宮博物院收藏的數(shù)學(xué)儀器,從時(shí)間上來說,基本制于17世紀(jì)前后。從種類上來說,可分為度量儀器和計(jì)算工具兩大類。從來源上看,一部分由西方各國使團(tuán)、傳教士攜來直接進(jìn)獻(xiàn)給康熙皇帝;一部分是由清宮造辦處依據(jù)西洋數(shù)學(xué)儀器而制成的仿制品、改制品或研制品。本文以這些珍貴的科技遺存為主線,結(jié)合中外文獻(xiàn)資料,系統(tǒng)地研究了清廷中西洋數(shù)學(xué)儀器的傳入和制作情況,重點(diǎn)做了以下工作:1.以文獻(xiàn)資料為線索,回顧了中國計(jì)算工具的歷史沿革,梳理了明清之際西洋數(shù)學(xué)儀器中納白爾籌、比例規(guī)、計(jì)算尺和帕斯卡計(jì)算機(jī)的傳入情況,以及在民間的影響。2.論述了康熙帝對(duì)于西洋數(shù)學(xué)儀器的態(tài)度,通過相關(guān)的中外文獻(xiàn)記載,印證數(shù)學(xué)儀器在清宮里的使用和制造。分類介紹了故宮現(xiàn)存的傳入的西洋數(shù)學(xué)儀器,以及歐洲傳教士輸入清宮的西洋數(shù)學(xué)儀器制作原理。3.對(duì)清宮御制的數(shù)學(xué)儀器進(jìn)行分類介紹,從技術(shù)的角度研究分析了清宮造辦處對(duì)西洋數(shù)學(xué)儀器進(jìn)行改制和研制的“本土化”過程。辨析這些在歐洲傳教士參與下制作的數(shù)學(xué)儀器的歷史地位和影響,以及以此反映出的中西科技、文化的交流。通過上述研究得出以下結(jié)論:1.故宮博物院收藏的清宮數(shù)學(xué)儀器基本制作于17世紀(jì)前后,說明清宮中數(shù)學(xué)儀器的引進(jìn)與制作多發(fā)生于康熙年間。這與康熙皇帝的個(gè)人興趣及其在清廷主持的數(shù)學(xué)與科學(xué)研究活動(dòng)有直接關(guān)系,同時(shí)與入華法國耶穌會(huì)士與葡系耶穌會(huì)士的分庭抗禮也有密切聯(lián)系。2.計(jì)算尺傳入后并未像納白爾籌和比例規(guī)一樣引起重視,相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)記載很少。故宮的藏品中有一件銅鍍金綜合算尺,集合了甘特計(jì)算尺和繪圖比例尺的尺度,經(jīng)本文研究分析,認(rèn)為該算尺是從外國傳入的實(shí)物。這對(duì)甘特計(jì)算尺的傳入提供了佐證。3.通過分析故宮珍藏的一批原始手搖計(jì)算機(jī)的原理和結(jié)構(gòu),認(rèn)為清宮造辦處是在參考了帕斯卡計(jì)算機(jī)原理的基礎(chǔ)上,研制出了盤式手搖計(jì)算機(jī);而籌式手搖計(jì)算機(jī),則很可能是參考了佩蒂的算術(shù)圓筒或格里耶的袖珍計(jì)算機(jī)。且二者很可能制于同一時(shí)期。它們是當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲新型計(jì)算工具傳入中國的唯一實(shí)證,不僅罕見珍貴,而且具有極高的研究價(jià)值。4.清宮御制的這批原始手搖計(jì)算機(jī),與同時(shí)期歐洲同類型的計(jì)算工具相比并不落后,甚至優(yōu)于參考的原儀器。然而未能在民間推廣普及,主要是實(shí)用性較低、人為限制、成本高昂、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因。
[Abstract]:The Palace Museum has a collection of mathematical instruments, which were basically made around the 17th century in time. In terms of types, they can be divided into two categories: measuring instruments and computing tools. The missionaries brought it directly to Emperor Kangxi; part of it was a imitation, modified or developed product made by the Office of the Qing Dynasty on the basis of Western mathematical instruments. This article takes these precious scientific and technological relics as the main line and combines the Chinese and foreign literature and materials. This paper systematically studies the introduction and manufacture of Western mathematical instruments in the Qing Dynasty, and focuses on the following work: 1.Based on the literature, this paper reviews the historical evolution of Chinese computing tools, and combs the Nabel chips in Western mathematical instruments during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The introduction of scale, calculation scale and Pascal computer, as well as the influence in the folk. 2.Discuss Emperor Kangxi's attitude towards Western mathematical instruments, recorded through relevant Chinese and foreign documents. Verification of the use and manufacture of mathematical instruments in the Qing palace. This paper classified and introduced the extant Western mathematical instruments in The Imperial Palace and the principles of making Western mathematical instruments imported by European missionaries into the Qing Palace. From the point of view of technology, this paper studies and analyzes the process of "localization" of western mathematical instruments made by the Office of the Qing Dynasty, and discriminates the historical status and influence of these mathematical instruments made with the participation of European missionaries. And the exchange of science, technology and culture between China and the West reflected in this way. Through the above research, we can draw the following conclusions: 1. The Palace Museum's collection of Qinggong mathematical instruments was basically made around the 17th century. It shows that the introduction and manufacture of mathematical instruments in the Qing Palace occurred during the Kangxi period. This is directly related to the personal interests of Emperor Kangxi and the mathematical and scientific research activities conducted by the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, there is also a close relationship with the competition between the French Jesuits and the Portuguese Jesuits in China .2.After the introduction of the ruler, it did not attract the same attention as Nabil and the scale rules. The collection of The Imperial Palace contains a copper gold-plated comprehensive scale, which combines the scales of the Gantt scale and the drawing scale, and is studied and analyzed in this paper. It is considered that the ruler is a material object imported from foreign countries. This provides evidence for the introduction of Gantt calculation ruler. By analyzing the principle and structure of a batch of primitive hand computers collected by The Imperial Palace, It is considered that the Qinggong office is based on the principle of Pascal computer, and developed the disk hand computer and the chip hand computer. Probably referring to Patty's arithmetic cylinder or Greer's pocket computer, and probably both of them at the same time. They were the only examples of the introduction of new European computing tools to China, and they were not only rare and precious. Moreover, the original handheld computers, which were made by the Qing Dynasty, were not lagging behind or even superior to the reference instruments compared with the same type of calculation tools in Europe during the same period. However, they failed to be popularized among the people. The main reasons are low practicability, artificial restriction, high cost, complex structure and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：O11

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