【摘要】：葉片是航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)部的一種重要組成零件,若要確保航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在工作期間安全運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),就必須保證葉片具有高質(zhì)量、高性能以及高壽命。近年來(lái),因發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片斷裂導(dǎo)致的航空飛行事故屢有發(fā)生,葉片斷裂又被稱(chēng)為航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)事故的“第一殺手”。葉片是一類(lèi)具有典型自由曲面的零件,它自身的質(zhì)量、性能以及使用壽命完全由其表面形狀決定。因此,針對(duì)其表面三維形貌檢測(cè)的研究就顯得極其重要。目前在航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片表面三維測(cè)量領(lǐng)域,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者做了大量實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,提出了許多的解決措施,并且針對(duì)不同類(lèi)型葉片的測(cè)量都具有其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì),然而就當(dāng)前航空工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的高精度、高功效、自動(dòng)化、價(jià)格低廉等要求而言,這些措施還難以同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)。所以,探索一系列能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自動(dòng)化、低成本、高精度、高效率的航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片三維測(cè)量方法是當(dāng)前的研究熱點(diǎn)。本文針對(duì)航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片表面三維形貌測(cè)量,提出了一種基于線結(jié)構(gòu)光的三維掃描測(cè)量方法,并且進(jìn)行了深入研究與探討。第一,分析了線結(jié)構(gòu)光三維測(cè)量技術(shù)的原理,建立了線結(jié)構(gòu)光三維測(cè)量系統(tǒng)模型,并在該模型的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)了一套線結(jié)構(gòu)光三維掃描測(cè)量系統(tǒng)。第二,深入研究了系統(tǒng)標(biāo)定技術(shù),采用張氏二維相機(jī)標(biāo)定法標(biāo)定相機(jī)內(nèi)外參數(shù),采用基于自由移動(dòng)二維標(biāo)靶的交比不變法標(biāo)定線結(jié)構(gòu)光視覺(jué)傳感器結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)。第三,研究了一種降低航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片表面高光反射的多項(xiàng)式擬合法,詳細(xì)分析了影響激光條紋圖像質(zhì)量的各種干擾因素,并提出解決方法。第四,提出了一種基于幾何中心法和高斯分解的改進(jìn)hessian矩陣激光條紋中心提取方法,利用幾何中心法提取激光條紋圖像每行的左右邊界位置,將原始hessian矩陣中的二維高斯卷積運(yùn)算分解為兩個(gè)相乘的一維高斯卷積運(yùn)算,并構(gòu)造新的hessian矩陣準(zhǔn)確提取激光條紋中心。第五,利用本文設(shè)計(jì)的線結(jié)構(gòu)光三維掃描測(cè)量系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片表面三維形貌測(cè)量實(shí)驗(yàn),分析了實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果及誤差,并在此基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)了一套航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片三維檢測(cè)儀器的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)模型。本文以線結(jié)構(gòu)光三維測(cè)量技術(shù)為原理,提出了測(cè)量航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片表面三維形貌的方法,并進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,結(jié)果表明該方法能有效測(cè)量航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片的表面三維形貌。利用本文提出的改進(jìn)hessian矩陣激光條紋中心提取法能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片的低成本、高效率三維測(cè)量,并且結(jié)合本文設(shè)計(jì)的葉片三維檢測(cè)儀器機(jī)械模型,為后續(xù)實(shí)現(xiàn)航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)葉片的自動(dòng)化、高精度測(cè)量提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Blade is an important part of aero-engine. In order to ensure the safe operation of aero-engine during work, it is necessary to ensure the blade with high quality, high performance and long service life. In recent years, aeronautical flight accidents caused by engine blade breakage occur frequently, and blade breakage is also called "the first killer" of aero-engine accidents. Blade is a kind of parts with typical free-form surface. Its quality, performance and service life are completely determined by its surface shape. Therefore, it is very important to study the three-dimensional morphology detection of its surface. At present, in the field of aero-engine blade surface 3D measurement, domestic and foreign scholars have done a lot of experimental research, put forward a lot of solutions, and the measurement of different types of blades has its unique advantages. However, it is difficult to achieve these measures at the same time for the requirements of high precision, high efficiency, automation and low price in the field of aviation industry. Therefore, to explore a series of automatic, low cost, high precision, high efficiency aero-engine blade 3D measurement method is the current research focus. In this paper, a 3D scanning measurement method based on linear structured light is proposed for measuring the surface of aero-engine blade, and it is deeply studied and discussed. First, the principle of linear structured light 3D measurement technology is analyzed, and the model of line structured light 3D measurement system is established. Based on the model, a set of line structured light 3D scanning measurement system is designed. Secondly, the system calibration technology is deeply studied. The calibration method of Zhang's two-dimensional camera is used to calibrate the internal and external parameters of the camera, and the intersection ratio invariant method based on the free-moving two-dimensional target is used to calibrate the structural parameters of the line structured light vision sensor. Thirdly, a polynomial fitting method to reduce the specular reflection on the surface of aero-engine blades is studied. The interference factors affecting the image quality of laser stripes are analyzed in detail, and the solutions are proposed. Fourthly, an improved hessian matrix laser fringe center extraction method based on geometric center method and Gao Si decomposition is proposed. The geometric center method is used to extract the left and right boundary position of each line of laser stripe image. The two-dimensional Gao Si convolution operation in the original hessian matrix is decomposed into two multiplied one-dimensional Gao Si convolution operations, and a new hessian matrix is constructed to accurately extract the laser stripe center. Fifthly, the 3D scanning measurement system of linear structured light is used to measure the surface of aeroengine blade, and the experimental results and errors are analyzed. On the basis of this, a mechanical structure model of three-dimensional measuring instrument for aeroengine blade is designed. In this paper, based on the principle of linear structured light 3D measurement, a method for measuring the surface 3D morphology of aero-engine blades is proposed. The experimental results show that the method can effectively measure the three-dimensional morphology of aeroengine blades. The improved hessian matrix laser stripe center extraction method proposed in this paper can realize the low cost and high efficiency 3D measurement of the aeroengine blade, and combine the mechanical model of the blade 3D detection instrument designed in this paper. It provides a theoretical basis for automatic and high precision measurement of aero-engine blades.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南昌航空大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：V263.6;TP391.41

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