本文選題：三歲兒童乘員　切入點(diǎn)：胸部損傷　出處：《天津科技大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在機(jī)動(dòng)車事故中,人們?cè)絹?lái)越注重對(duì)兒童乘員的安全保護(hù)。由于兒童的身體特征有異于成年人,而且肋骨較軟及腔內(nèi)組織器官仍未完全發(fā)育等原因,使得胸部在汽車碰撞事故中屬于損傷多發(fā)部位,這些損傷嚴(yán)重時(shí)甚至足以致命。因此要求我們采取具有針對(duì)性的保護(hù)措施,使兒童乘員的胸部得到更有力的保護(hù)。本研究基于一名三歲兒童志CT影像,利用MIMICS軟件獲得各組織的點(diǎn)云模型,借用GEOMAGIC軟件進(jìn)行表面處理及曲面片劃分,選用HYPERMESH軟件裝配及調(diào)整得到胸部幾何模型,其后配合使用TRUEGRID軟件構(gòu)造有限元網(wǎng)格,并在PAMCRASH軟件中賦予材料屬性,最終構(gòu)建具有詳細(xì)解剖學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)特征的的三歲兒童乘員胸部有限元模型。參照真實(shí)撞錘實(shí)驗(yàn),構(gòu)造撞錘有限元模型,在PAMCRASH軟件中重構(gòu)撞錘實(shí)驗(yàn),計(jì)算輸出撞擊力隨時(shí)間變化的曲線及胸部變形隨時(shí)間變化的曲線,并處理得到撞擊力與胸部變形的關(guān)系曲線,真實(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)的分析結(jié)果作對(duì)比,驗(yàn)證了該模型的有效性。根據(jù)目前普遍使用的三歲兒童安全座椅的形狀,利用HYPERMESH軟件構(gòu)造了簡(jiǎn)化的兒童安全座椅有限元模型,配合已構(gòu)建的三歲兒童乘員胸部有限元模型模擬汽車正面碰撞事故,通過(guò)改變汽車兒童安全座椅的安裝方向、肩帶寬度、安全帶延伸率及靠背傾角等結(jié)構(gòu)、材料參數(shù),設(shè)計(jì)了 15項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn),對(duì)得到的不同結(jié)構(gòu)條件下兒童乘員胸部各組織所受應(yīng)力情況進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,得出:(1)對(duì)于三歲兒童乘員,必須配備兒童安全座椅。(2)相比后向安裝,前向安裝更有利于三歲兒童乘員胸內(nèi)軟組織的保護(hù)。(3)可根據(jù)使用者的體質(zhì)配用相應(yīng)寬度的肩帶,亦可根據(jù)正常人各器官所能承受的應(yīng)力極限對(duì)肩帶寬度進(jìn)行調(diào)整,將各軟組織的損傷降至最輕。(4)當(dāng)安全帶延伸率在[8%,14%]區(qū)間內(nèi),使用延伸率較大的安全帶更能保護(hù)三歲兒童乘員胸部的安全。但同時(shí)對(duì)于部分心臟或肺臟強(qiáng)度較弱的乘員,建議不要配用延伸率過(guò)大的安全帶。(5)當(dāng)靠背傾角在[0°,10°]的范圍內(nèi),設(shè)計(jì)較大靠背傾角更能對(duì)三歲兒童乘員胸部起到保護(hù)作用。但同時(shí)對(duì)于有支氣管或肺動(dòng)脈缺陷的乘員,建議不要將靠背傾角調(diào)的過(guò)大。
[Abstract]:In motor vehicle accidents, people pay more and more attention to the safety protection of child occupants. Due to the fact that the physical characteristics of children are different from those of adults, and the ribs are softer and the organs in the lumen are still not fully developed, It makes the chest part of the car crash more often, which can even be fatal when it's serious. So we need to take targeted protective measures. Based on the CT images of a three-year-old child, the point cloud model of each tissue was obtained by using MIMICS software, and the surface treatment and surface slice partition were performed by using GEOMAGIC software. HYPERMESH software was used to assemble and adjust the geometric model of the chest, then the finite element mesh was constructed with TRUEGRID software, and the material attributes were assigned to PAMCRASH software. Finally, a three-year-old child's chest finite element model with detailed anatomical characteristics was constructed. According to the actual hammer experiment, the finite element model of the hammer was constructed, and the hammer experiment was reconstructed in PAMCRASH software. The curves of the impact force with time and the curve of the deformation of the chest with time are calculated, and the curves of the relationship between the impact force and the deformation of the chest are obtained. The analysis results of the real experiments are compared. The validity of the model is verified. According to the shape of the three-year-old child's safety seat, a simplified finite element model of the child's safety seat is constructed by using HYPERMESH software. According to the finite element model of the three-year-old child's chest, the material parameters were changed by changing the installation direction, shoulder band width, seat belt elongation and back inclination angle of the car's children's safety seat, and by changing the installation direction of the seat, the width of the shoulder band, the elongation of the seat belt, the angle of the back of the car, etc. A total of 15 experiments were designed to compare and analyze the stress in the chest tissues of the child occupants under different structural conditions. It was concluded that: 1) for three-year-old child occupants, they must be equipped with a child's safety seat. The forward installation is more favorable to the protection of soft tissue in the chest of the three-year-old child. It can be matched with shoulder straps of corresponding width according to the body of the user, and can also be adjusted according to the stress limit of each organ of the normal person. Reduce the injury of each soft tissue to the lightest. 4) when the seat belt elongation is in the range of [80.14%], the use of a seat belt with a higher elongation rate can better protect the chest of a three-year-old child. But at the same time, for some occupants with weaker heart or lung strength, It is recommended not to use a seat belt with an excessive elongation. (5) when the back inclination angle is in the range of [0 擄to 10 擄], the design of a larger backrest angle is more protective to the chest of a three-year-old child. But at the same time, for passengers with defects in the bronchus or pulmonary artery, It is recommended not to adjust the back angle too much.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：U467.14

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