發(fā)布時間：2018-07-04 15:12

  本文選題：多煤層開采 + 邊采邊復(fù)　； 參考：《中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：能源是人類社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),在我國已探明的能源資源儲量中,煤炭、石油和天然氣分別占94%、5.4%和0.6%,呈現(xiàn)出鮮明的富煤、少油、貧氣的資源特點,這就決定了煤炭資源在我國能源結(jié)構(gòu)中的主體地位,2015年我國煤炭產(chǎn)量達到了37.5億噸,占世界煤炭生產(chǎn)總量的47.7%。但大量的煤炭開采在為國民經(jīng)濟做出巨大貢獻的同時,也帶來了諸多社會和環(huán)境問題,如土地沉陷、耕地減產(chǎn)或絕產(chǎn)、人地矛盾加劇等等。其中,地下煤炭開采對地面的沉陷影響尤為嚴(yán)重,我國有超過92%以上的煤炭產(chǎn)量來自于地下開采,而且大多采用走向長壁式全部跨落法管理頂板法,因此形成了眾多的采煤沉陷地,據(jù)統(tǒng)計截止到2012年底,地下煤炭資源開采形成的沉陷土地達到了156萬公頃,而且仍以每年約7萬公頃的速度遞增。尤其是在我國的五大高潛水位煤炭基地,多煤層開采廣泛存在,加之當(dāng)?shù)剌^高的地下潛水位埋深,多煤層重復(fù)采動后地面沉陷影響更加嚴(yán)重,致使采煤沉陷后地面極易出現(xiàn)積水。而這五大高潛水位煤炭基地所在地區(qū)均為我國的糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū),即煤糧復(fù)合區(qū),據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析,我國煤炭資源和耕地資源的重疊面積占耕地總面積的42.7%,多煤層開采形成的沉陷積水,將致使耕地受影響比例將會更高,復(fù)墾治理難度更大,從而嚴(yán)重影響當(dāng)?shù)氐母財?shù)量和糧食安全。目前對采煤沉陷地采取的復(fù)墾治理,大多是在煤炭全部開采結(jié)束地面穩(wěn)沉后再進行,這時大面積耕地已沉入水中而喪失耕種能力,同時珍貴的表土資源也受到積水的浸沒,營養(yǎng)成分有所流失,而且需進行水下施工,同時在平原地區(qū)可用于充填復(fù)墾的物料相對較少,并不能將沉陷積水區(qū)百分之百恢復(fù)為耕地,進而導(dǎo)致復(fù)墾后耕地率低、耕地質(zhì)量差、復(fù)墾成本高、復(fù)墾周期長等問題。因此提出了井工煤礦邊采邊復(fù)技術(shù),該技術(shù)能夠有效的保護珍貴的耕地資源、提高復(fù)墾耕地率、降低復(fù)墾成本、充分合理的利用土地資源,對高潛水位煤地區(qū)的采煤沉陷地治理起到了極大的促進作用,經(jīng)過多年的不斷研究探索,取得了很多顯著性的成果,但多煤層開采下邊采邊復(fù)研究相對較少。因此,本研究從地面復(fù)墾治理的角度研究分析了多煤層開采條件下地面沉陷影響特征,在此基礎(chǔ)上,對復(fù)墾布局進行了初步規(guī)劃,并以土方平衡為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)優(yōu)選出最佳復(fù)墾布局,然后分析了多煤層開采條件下復(fù)墾工程實地施工時,動態(tài)復(fù)墾施工標(biāo)高的影響因素,進而構(gòu)建了多煤層開采下動態(tài)復(fù)墾施工標(biāo)高理論和數(shù)學(xué)模型,最后考慮地面保護和土地復(fù)墾工作的現(xiàn)實需要,研究了地下開采方案調(diào)整的途徑和具體方法,從而得出以下研究結(jié)論:(1)研究分析了多煤層開采下對地面產(chǎn)生的沉陷影響特征多煤層開采條件下,地面最終沉陷影響情況是多個煤層單獨開采引起的沉陷影響在地面上的疊加,根據(jù)各煤層單獨開采引起的地面沉陷影響,通過空間疊加,研究分析了多煤層開采條件下,地面沉陷損毀最終范圍、不同區(qū)域受擾動影響的次數(shù)和對應(yīng)的擾動煤層,結(jié)果表明地面不同區(qū)域受煤層開采的擾動次數(shù)和開采煤層各不相同,即使受開采擾動的次數(shù)相同,其對應(yīng)的擾動煤層也會有所不同。根據(jù)多煤層開采條件下地面不同區(qū)域受煤層開采影響時間的不同,研究分析了多煤層開采條件下,不同區(qū)域受煤層開采影響持續(xù)的總時間,以及相鄰兩開采煤層的時間間隔,發(fā)現(xiàn)地面不同區(qū)域受沉陷影響時間及其間隔會多種多樣,即使受沉陷影響持續(xù)的總時間相同,但其間受開采影響的次數(shù)和時間間隔也不盡相同。根據(jù)各煤層開采對地面的沉陷影響,綜合考慮沉陷前地面原始高程以及當(dāng)?shù)氐臐撍宦裆钋闆r,研究分析了多煤層開采條件下,地面不同區(qū)域出現(xiàn)積水的時間以及對應(yīng)開采的煤層,結(jié)果顯示地面不同區(qū)域出現(xiàn)積水的時間會有所不同,而且隨著積水區(qū)域受擾動次數(shù)的增加,積水深度會隨之增加。通過實例分析了多煤層采煤沉陷對土地利用變化的影響,結(jié)果表明在高潛水位煤糧復(fù)合區(qū),多煤層開采將對區(qū)域耕地面積、糧食產(chǎn)量和農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟造成嚴(yán)重的影響。(2)優(yōu)選出了多煤層開采下的最佳復(fù)墾布局根據(jù)多煤層重復(fù)采動對地面產(chǎn)生的沉陷影響特征,包括地面最終沉陷影響范圍、不同區(qū)域受煤層開采擾動次數(shù)和對應(yīng)煤層、沉陷影響時間及間隔和沉陷引起的地面積水情況等,初步規(guī)劃了不同區(qū)域復(fù)墾后的土地利用類型(耕地和水域),即初步復(fù)墾布局中充填區(qū)和挖深區(qū)的范圍。根據(jù)充填區(qū)穩(wěn)沉后設(shè)計標(biāo)高以及穩(wěn)沉后地面最終沉陷情況,研究分析了充填區(qū)在兩種不同復(fù)墾情境下所需充填土方和可獲得的土方,并分別建立了兩種情景下土方量的數(shù)學(xué)計算模型;挖深區(qū)可得到土方會隨著地下煤炭的不斷開采而逐漸減小,根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)乜赏诰蛉⊥粮叱獭?fù)墾時地面動態(tài)沉陷情況,研究分析了四種不同復(fù)墾情境下的土方損失情況,從而建立了挖深區(qū)可得到土方量的數(shù)學(xué)計算模型。根據(jù)初步規(guī)劃的復(fù)墾布局,以及充填區(qū)和挖深區(qū)的挖填土方分析,在無外來土源和充填材料的情況下,不斷優(yōu)化復(fù)墾布局中充填區(qū)和挖深區(qū)的位置和范圍,使挖填土方逐步趨于平衡,從而優(yōu)選出最佳復(fù)墾布局,并提出了優(yōu)選的一般流程和方法步驟。(3)構(gòu)建了多煤層開采下動態(tài)復(fù)墾施工標(biāo)高模型為了更好地指導(dǎo)多煤層開采下邊采邊復(fù)實地施工,保證復(fù)墾效果,提高復(fù)墾施工標(biāo)高的可操作性,結(jié)合土壤重構(gòu)理念和水土流失控制等,將動態(tài)復(fù)墾施工標(biāo)高設(shè)計劃分為三個階段,即心土堆積標(biāo)高、心土平整標(biāo)高和表土平整標(biāo)高,揭示了整個復(fù)墾施工標(biāo)高設(shè)計過程中需要考慮的七大因素,包括充填區(qū)穩(wěn)沉后設(shè)計標(biāo)高,復(fù)墾施工時刻地面后續(xù)沉陷,充填區(qū)需要預(yù)留土方量,充填區(qū)面積,梯形堆積的坡度,當(dāng)?shù)乇硗恋暮穸?以及心土層和表土層的孔隙比。根據(jù)邊采邊復(fù)技術(shù)思想,兼顧心土堆積形狀,以及復(fù)墾施工過程中不同階段心土層和表土層孔隙比,分別構(gòu)建了心土堆積標(biāo)高、心土平整標(biāo)高和表土平整標(biāo)高的理論模型,為復(fù)墾工程的施工標(biāo)高設(shè)計提供了科學(xué)合理的指導(dǎo)。利用動態(tài)沉陷模型和概率積分法基本原理,考慮多煤層開采下地面最終下沉量和地面動態(tài)下沉量的不同,分別建立了多煤層開采下心土堆積標(biāo)高、心土平整標(biāo)高和表土平整標(biāo)高的數(shù)學(xué)計算模型,促進了多煤層開采下邊采邊復(fù)技術(shù)的實地應(yīng)用實施。(4)研究了基于地面保護和復(fù)墾的地下開采方案調(diào)整需求和方法目前在地下煤炭開采規(guī)劃時,主要是對地面重要的建(構(gòu))筑物、水體、鐵路、井筒及工業(yè)場地等留設(shè)保護煤柱,從而制定相應(yīng)的開采方案,較少將地面保護和復(fù)墾治理考慮進去,因此從為了有效的緩解人地矛盾,更好的保護珍貴的耕地資源,相對延長土地使用時間,保障一定的復(fù)墾施工規(guī)模,保證復(fù)墾施工的連續(xù)性、盡量避開雨季和冬季,考慮農(nóng)作物生長時間、保障農(nóng)民利益等方面,分析了對地下開采方案進行相應(yīng)調(diào)整的必要性。利用采礦學(xué)基本原理,分析了地下煤炭資源開發(fā)時,從煤田的劃分到單個工作面開采整個過程中,地下開采方案可以進行調(diào)整的10個方面,分別為井田劃分,階段和開采水平劃分,階段和水平間開采順序和時間,煤層間、厚煤層分層間以及煤組間開采順序和時間,礦井井巷布設(shè),采區(qū)、盤區(qū)或帶區(qū)劃分,采區(qū)、盤區(qū)或帶區(qū)間開采順序和時間,區(qū)段或分帶及工作面劃分,工作面間開采順序和時間,工作面內(nèi)開采順序和時間。結(jié)合地面保護和地下開采,研究分析了在特殊地下煤炭賦存情況,特殊原始地形條件,河流、溝渠、湖泊等分布,特殊地面積水條件和特殊季節(jié)條件5種不同情況下,對地下開采方案進行調(diào)整的具體方法,包括對多煤層開采厚度和時間間隔,工作面開采時間、推進方向和開采順序等進行的適當(dāng)調(diào)整。以安徽省丁集煤礦為實例,根據(jù)區(qū)域地表形態(tài)、河流溝渠分布情況,以及礦井已有開采規(guī)劃,分析了充分利用當(dāng)?shù)卦嫉匦翁攸c和河流溝渠的排水功能,對地下開采方案進行調(diào)整的建議和具體方法,并對比分析了地下開采方案調(diào)整前后對地面的沉陷影響,結(jié)果表明通過地下開采方案的調(diào)整,可以更好的保護珍貴的耕地資源,延長一定時間內(nèi)耕地使用時間,結(jié)合疏排水措施和邊采邊復(fù)技術(shù)拯救更多的耕地,從而保證糧食產(chǎn)量,減小采煤沉陷帶來的經(jīng)濟損失。
[Abstract]:Energy is the material basis of human social and economic development. In China's proven reserves of energy resources, coal, oil and natural gas account for 94%, 5.4% and 0.6% respectively, showing distinct characteristics of coal rich, less oil and poor gas resources. This determines the main position of coal resources in China's energy structure. In 2015, the output of coal in China reached 37. .5 million tons, accounting for 47.7%. of the total amount of coal production in the world, but a large number of coal mining has made great contributions to the national economy, as well as a great deal of social and environmental problems, such as land subsidence, arable land reduction or extinction, and the intensification of human and land contradictions, among which the underground coal mining has a serious impact on the subsidence of the ground, more than 92% in our country. The above coal production comes from underground mining, and most of the coal mining subsidence land has been formed. According to the statistics by the end of 2012, the subsidence land of underground coal resources has reached 1 million 560 thousand hectares, and it is still increasing at an annual rate of about 70 thousand hectares. In China's five high water level coal base, multiple coal seam mining widely exists, coupled with the deep buried depth of the subsurface submersible position in the local area, the ground subsidence is more serious after the repeated mining of multiple coal seams, causing the ground to be easily accumulated after the coal mining subsidence. And the area of the five high water level coal bases is the main grain producing area of China, that is, According to statistical analysis, the overlap area of coal and cultivated land in China accounts for 42.7% of the total area of cultivated land, and the subsidence and water accumulation formed by multi seam mining will lead to higher proportion of cultivated land affected and more difficult to reclaim land, which seriously affects the quantity of cultivated land and grain safety in the area. The reclamation and treatment of reclamation, most of which are carried out after the subsidence of the ground at the end of the whole coal mining, when the large area of arable land has been immersed in the water and lost the ability to cultivate, and the precious topsoil resources are also immersed in the water, and the nutrient components are lost, and the construction of the materials should be used in the plain area to fill the reclaimed materials in the plain. Less, and can not restore the subsidence area one hundred percent to cultivated land, and then lead to low cultivated land rate, poor quality of cultivated land, high reclamation cost, long reclamation period and so on. Therefore, the edge recovery technology of well coal mine is put forward, which can effectively protect the precious cultivated land resources, improve the reclaimed cultivated land rate, reduce the cost of reclamation, and fully reduce the cost of reclamation. Rational use of land resources has played a great role in promoting the treatment of coal mining subsidence area with high latent water level. After years of continuous research and exploration, many remarkable achievements have been achieved, but there are relatively few researches on the bottom mining of multi seam mining. Therefore, this study has studied and analyzed multi coal seam from the angle of land reclamation and treatment. On the basis of mining conditions, the reclaimed layout is preliminarily planned, and the best reclamation layout is selected with the earth balance as the standard, and then the dynamic reclaiming factors of the dynamic reclamation are analyzed, and the dynamic recovery of the multiple coal seam mining is constructed. In the final consideration of the actual needs of ground protection and land reclamation, the ways and specific methods for the adjustment of underground mining schemes are studied, and the following conclusions are obtained: (1) the study and analysis of the characteristics of the ground subsidence caused by the multi seam mining under the conditions of multi seam mining and the final subsidence of the ground The subsidence affects the superposition of the subsidence caused by the separate mining of multiple coal seams. According to the influence of the ground subsidence caused by the separate mining of the coal seams, the final range of the ground subsidence damage, the number of disturbance affected by the different regions and the corresponding disturbed coal seams under the conditions of multi seam mining are studied and analyzed. It shows that the number of disturbed times of coal mining in different areas of the ground is different from that of mining coal, and the corresponding disturbed coal seam will be different even if the number of mining disturbance is the same. The duration of the coal seam mining, as well as the time interval between the two adjacent coal seams, found that the time and interval of the subsidence in different areas of the ground are varied, even if the total duration of the subsidence is the same, but the interval between the times and the time affected by mining is not the same. Under the influence of subsidence, considering the original ground height before subsidence and the burial depth of the local submersible position, the time of water accumulation in different areas of the ground and the corresponding coal seam under the condition of multi seam mining are studied and analyzed. The results show that the time of water accumulation in different areas will be different, and with the disturbance in the water accumulation area. The depth of water accumulation will increase with the increase of the number of coal. The effect of coal mining subsidence on the land use change is analyzed by an example. The result shows that the multi seam mining will have serious influence on the area of cultivated land, grain yield and agricultural economy. (2) the optimum reclamation cloth under multi seam mining is selected. According to the characteristics of the ground subsidence caused by repeated mining of multiple coal seams, including the influence range of the final ground subsidence, the number of disturbance times of coal mining and the corresponding coal seam, the time and interval of the subsidence and the ground area water caused by the subsidence, and so on, the land use types (cultivated land and water area) after reclaimed in different regions are preliminarily planned. According to the design elevation after the stabilization of the filling area and the final subsidence of the ground after the subsidence, the filling area and the available earthwork are studied and analyzed in the filling area under two different reclamation situations, and the mathematical calculation model of the earthwork in two scenarios is established, and the excavation depth is established. With the continuous mining of underground coal in the area, the area can be gradually reduced. According to the local excavation elevation and the dynamic subsidence of the ground during the reclamation, the soil loss situation in the four different reclamation situations is studied and analyzed, thus the mathematical model of the earthwork is established in the excavation depth area. As well as the excavation and filling soil analysis in filling and digging areas, the position and scope of filling area and digging deep area are continuously optimized under the condition of no external soil source and filling material, so that the excavation and filling areas are gradually balanced, and the best reclamation layout is selected, and the preferred general process and method steps are put forward. (3) construction of multi coal is constructed. In order to better guide the complex field construction at the bottom mining side of multi seam mining, ensure the effect of reclamation, improve the maneuverability of the reclaimed construction elevation, and combine the concept of soil reconstruction and soil erosion control, the dynamic reclamation construction elevation design is divided into three stages, namely, the elevation of the soil accumulation and the heart soil. There are seven factors that need to be considered in the course of the elevation design of the whole reclamation construction, including the design elevation of the filling area after the subsidence, the subsequent subsidence of the ground in the reclamation construction, the need to reserve the earthwork, the area of the filling area, the slope of the trapezoid accumulation, the thickness of the local topsoil, the soil layer and the topsoil. The theoretical model of the elevation of the soil accumulation, the elevation of the soil level and the height of the surface soil, which provides scientific and reasonable guidance for the construction elevation design of the reclamation engineering, is constructed according to the idea of edge mining and side mining, the shape of the heart soil accumulation and the porosity ratio of the soil layer and the surface soil layer in the different stages of the reclamation construction. Using the basic principle of dynamic subsidence model and probability integral method, considering the difference of the ground subsidence and the ground dynamic subsidence in the multi seam mining, the mathematical model of the elevation of the soil accumulation, the elevation of the earth level and the height of the surface leveling is established respectively. Application and implementation. (4) research on the adjustment requirements and methods of underground mining scheme based on ground protection and reclamation, at present, the main construction of underground coal, water, railway, wellbore and industrial site to protect coal pillars, and to formulate corresponding mining schemes, less ground protection and reclamation in the underground coal mining planning. In order to effectively alleviate the contradiction between human and land, better protect the precious arable land, prolong the land use time, guarantee the scale of the reclamation construction, guarantee the continuity of the reclamation construction, avoid the rainy season and winter as far as possible, consider the long time of the crops and guarantee the interests of the farmers, and analyze the underground Based on the basic principle of mining, the paper analyzes the 10 aspects of the underground mining scheme in the exploitation of underground coal resources, from the division of the coal field to the whole process of the single working face mining, which are the division of the well field, the division of the stage and the level of mining, the sequence of the stage and the level of the mining. And time, coal seam, thick seam layer and coal mining sequence and time, mine well roadway layout, mining area, disk area or zone division, mining area, disk area or zone mining sequence and time, section or zoning and working face division, mining sequence and time, mining sequence and time in working face. Combined with ground protection and underground The concrete methods for adjusting the underground mining plan under 5 different conditions, such as the distribution of special underground coal occurrence, special original terrain conditions, rivers, trenches and lakes, special ground water conditions and special seasonal conditions, are studied and analyzed, including the thickness and time interval of multi seam mining, the mining time of the working face, and the advance of the mining. With the proper adjustment of the direction and mining sequence, this paper takes Ding Ji Coal Mine of Anhui Province as an example. According to the regional surface morphology, the distribution of the river channel and the existing mining planning, the suggestions and specific methods for the adjustment of the underground mining scheme are analyzed, which make full use of the local original terrain features and the drainage function of the river channel. The influence of the underground mining scheme on the subsidence of the ground before and after the adjustment of the underground mining scheme is compared and analyzed. The result shows that through the adjustment of the underground mining scheme, it can better protect the precious arable land resources, prolong the time of the use of cultivated land within a certain time, and save more arable land by combining the drainage measures and edge recovery technology, so as to ensure the grain yield, Jian Xiaocai The economic loss caused by coal subsidence.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TD82;TD88

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