發(fā)布時間：2018-04-26 10:08

  本文選題：快速刀具伺服 + 多體系統(tǒng)��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：光學(xué)自由曲面類元件基于其優(yōu)越的光學(xué)性能和較小的尺寸,采用較少的元件就可獲得較高的光學(xué)利用率,在新能源、工程光學(xué)等領(lǐng)域具有廣泛的應(yīng)用需求。但由于其面形幾何特征非常復(fù)雜,無法采用統(tǒng)一的數(shù)學(xué)表達式來描述,且在應(yīng)用中對其加工精度和表面質(zhì)量要求也越來越高,為加工增加了困難。為此,在保障加工效率的基礎(chǔ)上,如何提高該類元件的加工精度和表面質(zhì)量成為研究的方向�；诳焖俚毒咚欧�(Fast Tool Servo,FTS)的車削方法由于其高效、精密、低成本等諸多優(yōu)點,被廣泛的認為是一項較具前途的加工方法。該方法不僅能夠用于對光學(xué)自由曲面的加工,同時還能對存在的加工誤差進行補償,受到了廣泛的關(guān)注。本文在國內(nèi)外研究的基礎(chǔ)上,對基于FTS金剛石車削加工系統(tǒng)的誤差進行了研究�，F(xiàn)有的對FTS車削加工的誤差研究往往只是針對FTS裝置或數(shù)控機床載體分別研究,而將兩者結(jié)合在一起的很少。本文將FTS裝置和數(shù)控機床作為一個整體進行誤差研究,建立了FTS車削系統(tǒng)的運動鏈,并對運動鏈中的各項誤差源進行了分析。不僅考慮了運動鏈中各子單元所存在的幾何誤差對系統(tǒng)運動部件的運動影響,還對動力學(xué)引起的誤差進行了分析,并對加工系統(tǒng)中的關(guān)鍵部件機床主軸和FTS機構(gòu)建立了動力學(xué)模型�；诙囿w系統(tǒng)理論,將多體系統(tǒng)拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)的相鄰體陣列描述與傳統(tǒng)的齊次坐標變換理論相結(jié)合,對FTS車削加工系統(tǒng)建立了綜合的誤差模型。根據(jù)多體系統(tǒng)理論,對拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)中的相鄰體間陣列進行了描述;結(jié)合齊次坐標變換理論,對多體系統(tǒng)相鄰體間的理想運動及其特征進行了數(shù)學(xué)描述。通過對相鄰體間的誤差運動進行變換,描述了體間的實際運動情況及其特征。將FTS車削加工系統(tǒng)運動鏈中各項誤差源作為參數(shù),考慮理想和實際的靜止與運動誤差特征,建立了FTS車削加工系統(tǒng)的綜合誤差模型。借助對X軸導(dǎo)軌和主軸誤差的測量數(shù)據(jù),對機床導(dǎo)軌和主軸誤差對刀具相對工件綜合誤差的影響進行了分析。在加工系統(tǒng)中,平動軸是最為關(guān)鍵的運動部件之一,平動軸的各項誤差元素也是重要的誤差來源,直接影響加工系統(tǒng)的加工精度。在對激光干涉儀測量平動II軸運動誤差的原理進行分析的基礎(chǔ)上,使用Renishaw XL-80激光干涉儀對導(dǎo)軌的定位誤差和FTS機構(gòu)的運動誤差進行測量,并采用XC80環(huán)境補償單元對定位誤差的測量結(jié)果進行了補償。為了解決平動軸測量數(shù)據(jù)中直線度與偏擺誤差的耦合問題,消除測量過程中反射鏡的運動誤差影響,增強激光干涉儀的測量效率,提出一種基于激光干涉儀的移步測量方法。通過對初始采樣點的移步進行多組測量,得到具有差分輸出的測量結(jié)果,將多組測量數(shù)據(jù)進行組合并進行離散傅里葉變換,從而分離出平動軸運動產(chǎn)生的直線度誤差和角度偏差。通過對平動軸運動過程中的角度偏差進行單獨測量,并與分離結(jié)果相對比,對所提出的方法進行了有效驗證。在加工系統(tǒng)中,主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)運動誤差是影響系統(tǒng)加工精度的一個重要因素。根據(jù)主軸回轉(zhuǎn)運動的特點,間接測量不可避免的會引入由標準件的輪廓誤差等影響因素。為了得到精確的主軸回轉(zhuǎn)運動誤差,需要對測量結(jié)果進行誤差分離。本文歸納總結(jié)了三種典型的主軸回轉(zhuǎn)運動的誤差分離方法,通過對比確定了不同測量要求和條件下各個方法的選用。針對現(xiàn)有的車床主軸回轉(zhuǎn)誤差測量方法存在的不足,提出一種改進的主軸回轉(zhuǎn)誤差測量方法。采用兩個位移傳感器對柱形工件的面截面以及柱面螺旋線進行測量,通過分離工件柱面的輪廓誤差與主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)運動誤差,得到了主軸運動過程中產(chǎn)生的徑向誤差和偏擺角誤差。采用所提出方法對Spinner機床的主軸進行了測量,得到了主軸的徑向跳動誤差和偏擺誤差,并對測量結(jié)果進行了分析。本文通過對FTS車削加工系統(tǒng)運動誤差的數(shù)學(xué)建模分析,以及對各關(guān)鍵運動部件的參數(shù)項誤差源的測量分析,為實現(xiàn)高效、高精度的自由曲面加工,以及對加工系統(tǒng)進行誤差補償提供了理論指導(dǎo)。
[Abstract]:Based on its superior optical performance and smaller size, optical free surface elements can obtain high optical utilization by using less components, and have wide application requirements in the fields of new energy, engineering optics and other fields. However, because of the complex geometric features of their surfaces, a unified mathematical expression can not be used to describe them, and they are applied in the application. The processing precision and the surface quality requirements are getting higher and higher, and it is difficult for processing. Therefore, on the basis of ensuring the processing efficiency, how to improve the machining precision and surface quality of the components is the direction of research. The turning method based on fast tool servo (Fast Tool Servo, FTS) is due to its high efficiency, precision, low cost and so on. Many advantages are widely regarded as a promising processing method. This method can not only be used to process optical free-form surfaces, but also compensate for the existing machining errors. This paper has studied the error of the FTS diamond turning system based on the research at home and abroad. The existing research on the error of the FTS turning processing is often only studied for the FTS device or the CNC machine tool carrier, but the two are seldom combined together. This paper studies the error of the FTS device and the CNC machine tool as a whole, establishes the motion chain of the FTS turning system, and analyses the error sources in the movement chain. It not only considers the effect of the geometric error of the subunits in the motion chain on the motion of the moving parts of the system, but also analyzes the error caused by the dynamics, and establishes a dynamic model for the spindle of the machine tool and the FTS mechanism, which is the key component of the machining system. The column description and the traditional homogeneous coordinate transformation theory are combined to establish a comprehensive error model for the FTS turning system. According to the theory of multibody system, the array of adjacent bodies in the topological structure is described, and the ideal motion and its characteristics between adjacent bodies of the multi-body system are described in mathematics with the theory of homogeneous coordinate transformation. By changing the error motion between adjacent bodies, the actual movement and characteristics between the bodies are described. The error sources in the motion chain of the FTS turning system are taken as parameters, and the ideal and actual static and motion errors are taken into consideration. The comprehensive error model of the FTS turning processing system is established. By the aid of the error of the X axis guide and the spindle error. The influence of the slideway and spindle error on the comprehensive error of the tool relative to the workpiece is analyzed. In the machining system, the translational axis is one of the most important moving parts. The error elements of the translational axis are also the important source of error, which directly affect the processing precision of the working system. On the basis of the principle of the motion error of the II axis, the positioning error of the guide rail and the motion error of the FTS mechanism are measured by the Renishaw XL-80 laser interferometer. The measurement results of the positioning error are compensated by the XC80 environment compensation unit. In order to eliminate the influence of the motion error of the reflector in the measurement process and enhance the measurement efficiency of the laser interferometer, a step measurement method based on the laser interferometer is proposed. By measuring the moving step of the initial sampling point, the measurement results with differential output are obtained, and the multi group measurement data are combined and the discrete Fu is carried out. It separates the straightness error and angle deviation produced by the movement of the moving axis. By measuring the angle deviation in the moving process of the translational axis alone, and comparing with the separation results, the proposed method is validated effectively. In the machining system, the rotation error of the spindle affects the processing precision of the system. An important factor. According to the characteristics of the spindle rotation movement, the indirect measurement will inevitably introduce the influence factors such as the outline error of the standard parts. In order to get the accurate spindle rotation error, it is necessary to separate the error of the measurement results. In this paper, three kinds of typical error separation methods for the spindle rotation motion are summarized and summarized. In contrast, the selection of various methods under different measurement requirements and conditions is determined. In view of the shortcomings of the existing lathe spindle rotation error measurement method, an improved method for measuring the spindle rotation error is proposed. Two displacement sensors are used to measure the surface section of the cylindrical workpiece and the helical line of the column surface, and the workpiece column is separated by the separation of the workpiece column. The radial error and deflection angle error produced during the spindle motion are obtained by the contour error of the surface and the rotation error of the spindle. The proposed method is used to measure the spindle of the Spinner machine tool. The radial runout error and the deflection error of the spindle are obtained, and the results of the measurement are analyzed. The FTS turning process is used in this paper. The mathematical modeling and analysis of the motion error of the system as well as the measurement and analysis of the error sources of the parameters of the key moving parts are analyzed, which provide theoretical guidance for the realization of high efficiency, high precision free surface machining and error compensation for the machining system.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TG51

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