本文選題：巴東組軟巖 + 路塹邊坡�。� 參考：《中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：巴東組紅層在我國鄂西、湘西北、川東和黔北分布很廣,其中三疊系中統(tǒng)巴東組紫紅色軟巖在巴東縣轄區(qū)內(nèi)分布廣泛,該軟巖屬于人們俗稱的“巴二”地層,是典型的“易滑地層”。巴東組軟巖含有一定量的伊利石和蒙脫石或伊利石與蒙脫石互層結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致其易發(fā)生水-巖相互作用,使其具有一定的膨脹和崩解特性,加速其物理化學(xué)風(fēng)化進(jìn)程。巴東組軟巖中軟弱夾層十分發(fā)育,而控制巖體變形破壞特性的往往是這些軟弱夾層,許多巖體變形失穩(wěn)都是沿軟弱夾層面產(chǎn)生。隨著西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的推進(jìn),公路、鐵路建設(shè)事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展,而高速鐵路、公路在上述地區(qū)的修建不可避免的會(huì)穿越上述地層,軟弱夾層對(duì)邊坡工程產(chǎn)生的病害不斷發(fā)生。特別是對(duì)于修建于巴東組軟巖地區(qū)內(nèi)的高速公路,開挖形成的路塹邊坡失穩(wěn)事故時(shí)有發(fā)生。宜昌-巴東高速公路有30公里穿越“巴東組”地層,開挖形成的部分路塹邊坡發(fā)育碎屑土夾層,一定條件下邊坡有沿碎屑土夾層產(chǎn)生失穩(wěn)破壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 研究區(qū)部分路塹邊坡發(fā)育碎屑土夾層,降雨之后,此類邊坡的穩(wěn)定性會(huì)隨碎屑土夾層含水狀態(tài)的增大而變差,有失穩(wěn)破壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前針對(duì)研究區(qū)此類邊坡的病害,可借鑒的成熟理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)并不豐富。為此,本文結(jié)合宜巴高速路某典型含碎屑土夾層的巴東組軟巖路塹邊坡,以碎屑土夾層作為研究對(duì)象,從非飽和土角度研究其工程特性,以全面了解水對(duì)該類軟弱夾層工程特性的影響,進(jìn)而分析其對(duì)軟巖路塹邊坡穩(wěn)定性的影響。研究成果對(duì)指導(dǎo)當(dāng)?shù)毓こ虒?shí)踐活動(dòng),具有重要的工程意義。 本文在收集研究區(qū)巴東組軟巖及碎屑土夾層的地層沉積資料、路塹邊坡病害特征等工作基礎(chǔ)上,通過X射線衍射礦物鑒定試驗(yàn)、化學(xué)成分分析試驗(yàn)、基本物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)試驗(yàn)、土水特性試驗(yàn)、非飽和土強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)、非飽和土蠕變試驗(yàn)、數(shù)值模擬試驗(yàn)等手段,詳細(xì)研究了碎屑土夾層的礦物組成、化學(xué)成分、物性指標(biāo)、土水特性、非飽和強(qiáng)度特性、非飽和蠕變特性、不同含水狀態(tài)對(duì)路塹邊坡穩(wěn)定性影響,定性分析了巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的工程特性,定量研究了基質(zhì)吸力對(duì)碎屑土夾層強(qiáng)度與變形特性的影響,并總結(jié)其不同基質(zhì)吸力狀態(tài)對(duì)軟巖路塹邊坡穩(wěn)定性的影響。取得的研究成果如下： (1)巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的工程地質(zhì)性質(zhì)與物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)研究。通過對(duì)宜昌-巴東高速公路軟巖路塹邊坡發(fā)育的軟弱夾層的工程地質(zhì)性質(zhì)研究,并結(jié)合現(xiàn)場地質(zhì)調(diào)查,初步掌握了研究區(qū)軟弱夾層的賦存環(huán)境,掌握了其成因及形成過程,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行了分類。針對(duì)研究區(qū)路塹邊坡的主要工程問題,重點(diǎn)調(diào)查了巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的分布特征,介紹了其對(duì)路塹邊坡存在的潛在危害,工程中應(yīng)對(duì)此類軟巖路塹邊坡加以重視。利用X-礦物衍射試驗(yàn)、化學(xué)全分析試驗(yàn),并結(jié)合碎屑土夾層的基本物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)試驗(yàn),得到了碎屑土夾層的礦物及化學(xué)成分、基本物性指標(biāo),初步掌握了水對(duì)其強(qiáng)度特性的影響,進(jìn)而為后期定量開展水對(duì)其強(qiáng)度與變形性質(zhì)影響提供參考依據(jù)。研究表明巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的粘土礦物含量較高,水敏感性強(qiáng),水對(duì)其工程特性影響較大,碎屑土夾層的粘聚力、內(nèi)摩擦角隨含水率的增大而減小,強(qiáng)度性質(zhì)變差。密實(shí)狀態(tài)對(duì)碎屑土夾層的強(qiáng)度也具有一定的影響,夾層土越密實(shí),其粘聚力越大,整體強(qiáng)度也越大。 (2)巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的土水特性。利用壓力板儀測試了不同干密度、不同初始含水率、不同顆粒級(jí)配碎屑土夾層的土水特征曲線,采用VG模型對(duì)土水曲線進(jìn)行擬合,求取各擬合參數(shù),繪制延伸的土水特曲線。研究表明碎屑土夾層的基質(zhì)吸力隨含水率的增大而減小。干密度相同,大初始含水率土樣的土-水特征曲線落在小初始含水率土樣的曲線上方,初始含水率越高,基質(zhì)吸力隨含水率變化越敏感。隨著初始含水率的增大,土樣的進(jìn)氣值、殘余含水率都隨之增大。進(jìn)氣值隨著初始含水率增大而增大的幅度,又隨著土樣干密度的增大而降低；對(duì)于初始含水率相同的土樣,干密度越大,土樣的進(jìn)氣值也越大,這種變化的增幅又隨土樣初始含水率的增大而降低。相同初始含水率、不同干密度土樣的土水特征曲線的位置和形狀各不相同,在低基質(zhì)吸力范圍內(nèi),小干密度土樣的土水特征曲線落在大干密度土樣的曲線上方,這主要是因?yàn)樾「擅芏韧翗拥娘柡秃矢�。在高基質(zhì)吸力范圍內(nèi),小干密度土樣的土水特征曲線落在大干密度土樣的曲線下方,表明小干密度土樣的基質(zhì)吸力隨含水率變化更敏感。干密度變大,土樣的基質(zhì)吸力隨含水率變化的敏感性降低,殘余含水率確有所增高,持水能力增強(qiáng)。對(duì)比不同顆粒級(jí)配土樣的土水特征曲線,可見粗粒含量高土樣的土水特征曲線在下方。相同含水率下,粗粒含量少的土樣的基質(zhì)吸力值更大,飽和含水率更低。粗顆粒含量高的土樣的進(jìn)氣值更低,持水能力更強(qiáng),殘余含水量也低�？傊蜄|組軟巖碎屑土夾層的土-水特性明顯,孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)(干密度、初始含水率)、粒徑對(duì)碎屑土夾層的土-水特性影響很大,研究成果對(duì)從非飽和土力學(xué)角度分析不同物理狀態(tài)對(duì)碎屑土夾層的工程性質(zhì)及邊坡穩(wěn)定性的影響具有重要的參考意義。 (3)巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的非飽和強(qiáng)度與變形特性。利用GDS非飽和三軸儀開展了碎屑土夾層的飽和、非飽和三軸壓縮試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明基質(zhì)吸力對(duì)巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的強(qiáng)度與變形特性影響顯著。 飽和三軸試驗(yàn)表明碎屑土夾層土樣在不同圍壓下的應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變都呈現(xiàn)應(yīng)變硬化特性,偏應(yīng)力都隨著應(yīng)變的增加而增大,最終達(dá)到峰值強(qiáng)度。相同應(yīng)變下,土樣的偏應(yīng)力隨圍壓的增大而增大,峰值強(qiáng)度隨圍壓的增大而明顯增大。由應(yīng)變-體變曲線可見,土樣體積在剪切過程中均發(fā)生剪縮,隨著剪切的進(jìn)行體變量最終趨于穩(wěn)定。土樣剪切產(chǎn)生的體變也隨著圍壓的增大而增大,剪縮效應(yīng)也越明顯,說明圍壓對(duì)碎屑土夾層的變形性質(zhì)影響顯著。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)求取了巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的飽和強(qiáng)度指標(biāo),粘聚力c為2.25kPa,有效內(nèi)摩擦角φ'為31。。碎屑土夾層的非飽和強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)表明其應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線都呈現(xiàn)應(yīng)變硬化特性,偏應(yīng)力隨應(yīng)變增加而快速增大,最終趨于穩(wěn)定值,達(dá)到峰值強(qiáng)度。對(duì)比不同基質(zhì)吸力下土樣的應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線,可見相同應(yīng)變下土樣的偏應(yīng)力隨基質(zhì)吸力的增加而增加,破壞時(shí)的峰值強(qiáng)度也隨著增大,說明土體的抗剪強(qiáng)度隨基質(zhì)吸力的增大而明顯增大。對(duì)比土樣的應(yīng)變-體變曲線,可見土樣體積在剪切的過程中均發(fā)生剪縮,最終趨于穩(wěn)定,基質(zhì)吸力越大,土樣剪切產(chǎn)生的體變量也越大,說明基質(zhì)吸力對(duì)碎屑土夾層的變形性質(zhì)影響顯著。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,求取了非飽和碎屑土夾層的強(qiáng)度指標(biāo),c'為2.25kPa,φ'為31°，φb,礦在基質(zhì)吸力100kPa、200kPa、300kPa、400kPa下分別為30°、24°、23°、23°,可見φb不是常數(shù),隨基質(zhì)吸力的增大而不斷減小,最終趨于定值。在工程實(shí)踐中,應(yīng)根據(jù)巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的實(shí)際含水狀態(tài),選擇相應(yīng)的φb角進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度計(jì)算。不同基質(zhì)吸力下碎屑土夾層的總粘聚力均大于飽和土的粘聚力,且基質(zhì)吸力越大,總粘聚力越大,即碎屑土夾層的非飽和抗剪強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于飽和抗剪強(qiáng)度,基質(zhì)吸力對(duì)巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的強(qiáng)度與變形性質(zhì)影響顯著,其抗剪強(qiáng)度隨著基質(zhì)吸力的增加而增大。 (4)巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的非飽和蠕變特性。利用GDS非飽和三軸儀對(duì)碎屑土夾層開展了非飽和蠕變試驗(yàn)研究,分析了其蠕變特性,建立了非飽和蠕變模型,并對(duì)模型進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。同時(shí)求取了碎屑土夾層的長期強(qiáng)度,為后期路塹邊坡穩(wěn)定性分析提供參考依據(jù)。研究結(jié)果表明巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的非飽和蠕變特性顯著,基質(zhì)吸力對(duì)其蠕行為影響明顯,碎屑土夾層蠕變后的長期強(qiáng)度明顯降低,對(duì)于含巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層的路塹邊坡而言,這些特性對(duì)其穩(wěn)定性不利,應(yīng)加以重視。 巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層土樣的非飽和蠕變曲線呈現(xiàn)一定的非線性,應(yīng)力水平越高,變形隨時(shí)間增長越明顯。對(duì)于不同基質(zhì)吸下土樣的蠕變曲線,當(dāng)偏應(yīng)力大小相同時(shí),基質(zhì)吸力越小,土樣產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)變越大,即同一應(yīng)力水平下含水量高的土樣產(chǎn)生的變形更大,這種趨勢在高應(yīng)力水平時(shí)更明顯。當(dāng)土樣的基質(zhì)吸力大小相同時(shí),偏應(yīng)力越大,土樣產(chǎn)生的軸向應(yīng)變越大。根據(jù)蠕變曲線,將碎屑土夾層的非飽和土蠕變過程分為蠕變開始、衰減蠕變、等速蠕變?nèi)齻�(gè)階段。根據(jù)蠕變試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),建立了3種預(yù)測巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層蠕變特性的非飽和經(jīng)驗(yàn)蠕變模型,其中2種模型是基于Singh-Mitchell蠕變模型、Mesri蠕變模型,對(duì)其進(jìn)行改進(jìn)而得到的,使其模型中包含了基質(zhì)吸力變量。為了能更好的預(yù)測碎屑土夾層的蠕變行為,分別對(duì)應(yīng)變-時(shí)間曲線、應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線進(jìn)行非線性擬合,組合函數(shù)建立了本文提出的包含基質(zhì)吸力-應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變-時(shí)間的非飽和蠕變模型。結(jié)果表明改進(jìn)的Mesri模型及本文建立的蠕變模型基本能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)預(yù)測蠕變曲線的開始階段、衰減蠕變階段、等速蠕變階段,雖然當(dāng)偏應(yīng)力水平較高時(shí),在等速蠕變階段,預(yù)測曲線都高于試驗(yàn)點(diǎn),模型預(yù)測存在偏差,但對(duì)于工程實(shí)踐來說,尤其是巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層,誤差在可接受的范圍內(nèi)。綜合對(duì)比3種非飽和蠕變模型的預(yù)測精度,可見改進(jìn)的Mesri模型預(yù)測碎屑土夾層的蠕變行為的精度較好,本文建立的非飽和蠕變模型效果一般,改進(jìn)的Singh-Mitchel模型預(yù)測效果較差,傳統(tǒng)的Mesri模型、Singh-Mitchel模型預(yù)測效果最差。根據(jù)蠕變試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),利用等時(shí)曲線法確定了碎屑土夾層土的長期強(qiáng)度值�？梢姴煌|(zhì)吸力下土樣的長期強(qiáng)度較瞬時(shí)強(qiáng)度都有大幅降低,強(qiáng)度產(chǎn)生折損,損失率在34%-62%之間,說明巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層在荷載的長期作用下強(qiáng)度值會(huì)越來越低。隨著基質(zhì)吸力的增大,碎屑土夾層的長期強(qiáng)度也呈線性增大的趨勢,即碎屑土夾層的含水率越低,其在荷載長期作用下的強(qiáng)度越高。碎屑土夾層的基質(zhì)吸力越小,強(qiáng)度損失率越大,即對(duì)于巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層而言,含水率越高,其在荷載長期作用下的強(qiáng)度越小,強(qiáng)度損失越大,并且隨著含水率的不斷增大,強(qiáng)度損失率增加的幅度也不斷增大。 (5)利用數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)分析了是否含碎屑土夾層、碎屑土夾層的不同基質(zhì)吸力狀態(tài)對(duì)巴東組軟巖路塹邊坡穩(wěn)定性的影響。結(jié)果表明碎屑土夾層對(duì)巴東組軟巖路塹邊坡的穩(wěn)定性影響很大,不含碎屑土夾層的軟巖路塹邊坡在天然工況下是很穩(wěn)定的,安全系數(shù)很高。當(dāng)巴東組軟巖路塹邊坡發(fā)育碎屑土夾層時(shí),天然工況下也是穩(wěn)定的,但碎屑土夾層出現(xiàn)了塑性屈服帶,邊坡前緣產(chǎn)生了剪切應(yīng)變及位移增量,在外力(地震)及降雨條件下,碎屑土夾層可能成為路塹邊坡失穩(wěn)破壞的滑動(dòng)面。對(duì)于含碎屑土夾層的巴東組軟巖路塹邊坡而言,碎屑土夾層的不同基質(zhì)吸力狀態(tài)對(duì)邊坡穩(wěn)定性影響也很大。當(dāng)碎屑土夾層的基質(zhì)吸力不斷減小時(shí),碎屑土夾層會(huì)產(chǎn)生塑性屈服直至貫通,邊坡后緣由于張拉應(yīng)力而產(chǎn)生的塑性區(qū)也不斷增大,主要集中在碎屑土夾層前緣的剪應(yīng)變增量范圍也明顯增大,最終貫通整個(gè)碎屑土夾層,夾層及坡體后緣的剪應(yīng)力增量最大,夾層上部坡體各部位的位移量也不斷增大,最后直至整個(gè)邊坡產(chǎn)生滑動(dòng)破壞,碎屑土夾層成為滑動(dòng)面。 通過計(jì)算分析巴東組軟巖路塹邊坡的穩(wěn)定性系數(shù),表明天然工況下,含碎屑土夾層路塹邊坡的穩(wěn)定性遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于不含碎屑土夾層的路塹邊坡。對(duì)于發(fā)育順層碎屑土夾層的巴東組軟巖邊坡而言,碎屑土夾層的基質(zhì)吸力對(duì)邊坡的穩(wěn)定性影響很大,碎屑土夾層的基質(zhì)吸力越小,邊坡的穩(wěn)定性越差。巴東組軟巖碎屑土夾層存在一個(gè)界限基質(zhì)吸力狀態(tài),當(dāng)碎屑土夾層的基質(zhì)吸力等于該值時(shí),邊坡處于極限平衡狀態(tài)。當(dāng)碎屑土夾層的基質(zhì)吸力高于該值時(shí),邊坡穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)碎屑土夾層的基質(zhì)吸力低于該值時(shí),碎屑土夾層在坡體應(yīng)力作用下更容易產(chǎn)生塑性屈服,甚至剪切破壞,邊坡可能沿碎屑土夾層產(chǎn)生滑動(dòng)破壞。對(duì)于實(shí)際工程,可以根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件及碎屑土夾層發(fā)育分布情況,在開挖過程中綜合預(yù)判此類邊坡的穩(wěn)定性及碎屑土夾層能夠引起其失穩(wěn)破壞的含水率范圍。研究成果為含碎屑土夾層的巴東組軟巖路塹邊坡穩(wěn)定性分析及防護(hù)治理提供了參考依據(jù)。 (6)高速公路建設(shè)過程中不可避免的開挖形成路塹邊坡,對(duì)于研究區(qū)的巴東組軟巖路塹邊坡而言,如果邊坡發(fā)育順層碎屑土夾層,則對(duì)邊坡穩(wěn)定性十分不利。在綜合分析碎屑土夾層的工程特性、非飽和特性及對(duì)路塹邊坡穩(wěn)定性影響的基礎(chǔ)上,為預(yù)防此類路塹邊坡病害的產(chǎn)生,從公路勘察、施工以及后期運(yùn)營三個(gè)方面提出了一些預(yù)防措施與建議。
[Abstract]:The red beds of Badong Formation are widely distributed in eastern Hubei , northwest of Hunan , eastern Sichuan and northern Guizhou .

In this paper , the influence of water on the slope stability of soft rock graben is analyzed from the viewpoint of unsaturated soil . The research results are of great significance to guide local engineering practice activities .

In this paper , the influence of matrix suction on the stability of soft rock slope is studied by means of X - ray diffraction mineral identification test , chemical composition analysis , basic physical mechanical property test , soil water characteristic test , unsaturated soil strength test , unsaturated soil creep test and numerical simulation test .

( 1 ) The engineering geological property and the physical and mechanical properties of soft rock debris soil interlayer in Badong Formation are studied . Based on the study of the engineering geological properties of the soft interlayer in Yichang - Badong expressway , the authors have studied the distribution characteristics of the soft interlayer in the study area .

( 2 ) The soil water characteristics of soft rock debris soil interlayer in Badong Formation . The soil water characteristic curves of different dry density , different initial water content and different particle size distribution clastic soil layers are tested by using a pressure plate instrument . The soil water curve is fitted by VG model . The soil - water characteristic curve of the soil sample with the same dry density decreases with the increase of water content . The higher the initial moisture content , the soil - water characteristic curve of the soil sample increases . As the initial water content increases , the water content of the soil sample increases . The air inlet value decreases with the increase of the initial water content and decreases with the increase of the dry density of the soil sample .
The soil water characteristic curve of small dry density soil sample falls below the curve of dry density soil sample . The soil water characteristic curve of small dry density soil sample falls below the curve of soil sample with high dry density .

( 3 ) The unsaturated strength and deformation characteristics of soft rock debris soil interlayer in Badong Formation . The saturated and unsaturated triaxial compression tests of debris soil interlayer were carried out by using a non - saturated triaxial apparatus . The results show that the matrix suction has a significant influence on the strength and deformation characteristics of the soft rock debris soil interlayer in the Badong Formation .

The saturated triaxial test shows that the stress - strain of the debris soil sample under different confining pressures exhibits strain hardening characteristics , and the partial stress increases with the increase of confining pressure , and the peak strength increases with the increase of confining pressure . The stress - strain curves of soil samples under different matrix suction are compared with the increase of matrix suction . The results show that the shear strength of soil samples increases with the increase of matrix suction .

( 4 ) The non - saturated creep property of soft rock debris soil interlayer in Badong Formation is studied . The creep property is analyzed , the unsaturated creep model is established , and the model is verified .

Based on the creep test data , the creep behavior of soil samples with high water content is more obvious . The results show that the improved Mesri model and the creep model can be used to predict the creep behavior of debris soil interlayer . The higher the water content , the smaller the strength under the long - term load of the load , the greater the strength loss , and the increase of the strength loss rate as the water content increases .

( 5 ) The influence of different matrix suction states of debris soil interlayer on the stability of soft rock graben slope in Badong Formation is analyzed by using numerical simulation technique .

Based on the analysis of the stability coefficient of the soft rock slope in the Badong Formation , it is shown that the stability of the debris - soil interlayer slope is far lower than that of the cutting slope with no debris - soil interlayer under the natural working condition . The slope stability is more easily caused by the matrix suction of the debris - soil interlayer . When the matrix suction of the debris - soil interlayer is higher than the value , the slope is stable . When the matrix suction of the debris - soil interlayer is equal to the value , the slope stability is more easily generated . When the matrix suction of the debris - soil interlayer is equal to the value , the stability of the slope and the soil interlayer of the debris soil can be comprehensively pre - determined during the excavation process .

( 6 ) During the construction of the expressway , the unavoidable excavation forms the cutting slope . For the soft rock slope of the Badong Formation in the study area , the stability of the slope is very unfavorable . Based on the comprehensive analysis of the engineering characteristics , unsaturated characteristics and the influence of the stability of the cutting slope , some preventive measures and suggestions are put forward from three aspects of highway survey , construction and later operation .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：U416.1

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本文編號(hào)：1985925