本文選題：鹽泥 + 廢隔膜�。� 參考：《北京化工大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：我國擁有全球最大的燒堿生產能力和消費量,生產燒堿系統(tǒng)中產生鹽泥、廢隔膜、廢硫酸等無機化工廢渣,這些廢渣難以處理,長年累月堆積如山,嚴重地困擾著我國燒堿行業(yè)的發(fā)展。本研究通過現(xiàn)場調查、采樣分析研究和燒堿廢渣的污染風險評價,米探究燒堿行業(yè)廢渣的產生特性和污染特征,并提出廢渣相應的風險控制措施。經過企業(yè)調研得到,在隔膜法制燒堿工藝中產生鹽泥、廢隔膜、廢硫酸和芒硝四種廢渣,生產每噸燒堿產品時原料原鹽的消耗量為1462.5kg,四種廢渣的產生量分別為鹽泥62.5kg、廢隔膜0.13kg、廢硫酸26.1 kg、芒硝25.5 kg。在離子膜法制燒堿工藝中產生鹽泥、廢硫酸和芒硝三種廢渣,生產每噸燒堿產品時原料原鹽的消耗量為1462.5 kg,三科廢渣的產生量分別為鹽泥93.3kg、廢硫酸26.1kg、芒硝25.5 kg。由實驗分析結果得,鹽泥中主要含有CaCO3、NaCl、SiO2等,各組分相對含量約為CaCO340%～97%,NaCl 3%～16%,SiO27%～10%,采用鋇法脫硝技術產生的鹽泥中還含30%左右的BaSO4。其中鉻、鋅、鋇、汞、銅、鎘、鉛等重金屬的含量與《+壤環(huán)境質量標準》相比基本無超標現(xiàn)象,鹽泥的pH介于11～12之間,上述重金屬的浸出毒性與危廢鑒別標準相比無超標情況,鹽泥不具備腐蝕性和浸出毒性的危廢特性。對廢隔膜樣品分析發(fā)現(xiàn)其中存在石棉成分,土要類型為溫石棉,是一種危廢。廢硫酸的濃度為75%左右,其中基本不含重金屬雜質,但氯含量在0.04%左右。芒硝廢渣主要組成物質是占比70%的Na2SO4,其次為NaCl,其中主要重金屬的含量與《土壤環(huán)境質量標準》相比基本無超標現(xiàn)象。鹽泥廢渣中的重金屬通過逸散和浸出會對環(huán)境和人體健康造成危害,通過選取RBCA模型對其進行風險表征,可得鹽泥堆存處理過程的風險是可接受的。鹽泥用于制建材磚、制脫硫劑等再利用的方式尚在試驗中,存在諸多難題,在企業(yè)中難以推廣,目前燒堿企業(yè)主要采用就近填埋堆存的處理方法。鹽泥控制方面首先應從減量化著手削減它的產生量,同時加大研發(fā)它的再利用技術并積極推廣相關的示范工程建設。隔膜廢渣中含有危廢石棉,目前以水泥固化進行深度填埋為主,隨著我國隔膜法燒堿產能裝置的陸續(xù)淘汰,隔膜廢渣屆時可以通過集中處理的辦法被一次性徹底解決。燒堿工業(yè)產生的廢硫酸中基本不存在雜質,它的回收再利用是必然選擇,濃縮技術以及循環(huán)利用等工藝能夠有效地解決廢硫酸不好處理的難題,值得推廣。廢硫酸按危廢管理帶來很多難度,在燒堿企業(yè)和管理部門的努力下,廢硫酸的綜合利用率會得到提高,有望作為燒堿工業(yè)中的副產品進行管理。
[Abstract]:China has the largest caustic soda production capacity and consumption in the world, producing salt sludge, waste diaphragm, waste sulfuric acid and other inorganic chemical waste slag in the production of caustic soda system. The development of caustic soda industry in China is seriously perplexed. Through field investigation, sampling analysis and pollution risk evaluation of caustic soda waste residue, the characteristics of production and pollution of caustic soda industry waste slag were investigated, and the corresponding risk control measures were put forward. Through enterprise investigation, four kinds of waste slag, salt sludge, waste membrane, waste sulfuric acid and mirabilite, were produced in the process of producing caustic soda by diaphragm process. The consumption of raw salt per ton of caustic soda was 1462.5 kg, the production of four kinds of waste residue was 62.5 kg of salt sludge, 0.13 kg of waste membrane, 26.1 kg of sulfuric acid and 25.5 kg of glauber nitrate. Salt sludge was produced in ionic membrane caustic soda process. The consumption of raw salt per ton of caustic soda was 1462.5 kg. The production of waste residue was 93. 3 kg of salt sludge, 26. 1 kg of waste sulfuric acid and 25. 5 kg of mirabilite. The results of experimental analysis show that the salt mud mainly contains CaCO3 + NaCl-SiO2, and the relative content of each component is about CaCO340T ~ (97) C ~ (97) C ~ (3 +) NaCl ~ (3 +) ~ (16) and Sio _ (27). The salt mud produced by barium denitrification also contains about 30% of BaSO _ 4. The contents of chromium, zinc, barium, mercury, copper, cadmium, lead and other heavy metals were basically no more than the soil environmental quality standard, the pH of salt mud was between 11 ~ 12, and the leaching toxicity of the above heavy metals was no more than that of hazardous waste. Salt sludge does not possess the characteristics of corrosion and leaching toxicity. The analysis of waste membrane samples found that there is asbestos in it, and chrysotile is a kind of dangerous waste. The concentration of waste sulfuric acid is about 75%, in which there is almost no heavy metal impurity, but the chlorine content is about 0.04%. The main component of the waste residue is 70% Na _ 2SO _ 4, followed by NaCl.The content of the main heavy metals is almost no more than that of "soil Environmental quality Standard". Heavy metals in salt sludge waste residue can cause harm to environment and human health by dispersing and leaching. The risk of salt sludge storage can be obtained by selecting RBCA model to characterize the risk. The reusing methods of salt mud used in making building materials brick and desulfurizing agent are still in the test, and there are many problems which are difficult to be popularized in enterprises. At present, the caustic soda enterprises mainly adopt the treatment method of nearby landfill and storage. In the aspect of salt sludge control, the production of salt sludge should be reduced first, and the reuse technology should be developed and the related demonstration project should be popularized at the same time. There is dangerous asbestos in the membrane waste. At present, cement solidification is the main method of deep landfill. With the elimination of the membrane caustic soda production units in our country, the membrane waste can be solved once and for all by centralized treatment. There is no impurity in the waste sulfuric acid produced by caustic soda industry. The recovery and reuse of the waste sulfuric acid is an inevitable choice. The technology of concentration and recycling can effectively solve the difficult problem of poor treatment of waste sulfuric acid, and it is worth popularizing. It is difficult to manage the waste sulfuric acid according to the dangerous waste. With the efforts of caustic soda enterprises and management departments, the comprehensive utilization rate of waste sulfuric acid will be improved, which is expected to be managed as a by-product of caustic soda industry.
【學位授予單位】：北京化工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X781.2

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