本文選題：產(chǎn)匯流過程 + 實(shí)驗(yàn)流域��； 參考：《清華大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：《2013年中國環(huán)境狀況公報(bào)》顯示,海河、黃河、淮河、遼河等一些流域的水環(huán)境狀況令人擔(dān)憂,水體環(huán)境的惡化加劇了這些地區(qū)本就緊張的水資源局勢(shì)。非點(diǎn)源污染已經(jīng)成為水體環(huán)境的首要威脅,其中氮、磷又是引起水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的重要因素。流域營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的輸出和匯集與降雨產(chǎn)流過程緊密相關(guān),只有從相互作用過程研究入手,才能理解土壤養(yǎng)分流失的機(jī)理,揭示營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的遷移隨降雨徑流變化而變化的規(guī)律。本研究在北京市懷柔區(qū)琉璃河流域內(nèi)的西臺(tái)子實(shí)驗(yàn)小流域,開展了坡地尺度和流域尺度的水量水質(zhì)觀測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn),并結(jié)合美國農(nóng)業(yè)部實(shí)驗(yàn)小流域的數(shù)據(jù)和SWAT水文模型工具,通過實(shí)驗(yàn)觀測(cè)、數(shù)據(jù)分析和模型模擬,揭示產(chǎn)匯流過程對(duì)流域營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)輸出與匯集的影響規(guī)律。首先,對(duì)坡面降雨徑流過程的水樣進(jìn)行采集,分析結(jié)果表明:雨水對(duì)坡面土壤的沖刷侵蝕作用使得地表產(chǎn)流水中的總氮濃度較雨水升高明顯,硝態(tài)氮濃度較雨水也有所增大;從不同徑流成分輸出的氮磷負(fù)荷看,隨地表徑流輸出的氮磷負(fù)荷大于壤中流輸出的氮磷負(fù)荷,而地表徑流的總氮總磷濃度高于壤中流;土壤水中的硝態(tài)氮、總磷濃度明顯高于雨水,而氨氮濃度要低于雨水,表明土壤中硝態(tài)氮、總磷以淋溶的方式隨下滲水流遷移,而氨氮?jiǎng)t由于被土壤膠體吸附導(dǎo)致濃度下降;地下水中的總氮累積效應(yīng)明顯。其次,對(duì)河道流量及水質(zhì)進(jìn)行了檢測(cè)分析,結(jié)合美國農(nóng)業(yè)部實(shí)驗(yàn)小流域的數(shù)據(jù)分析,結(jié)果表明,雨強(qiáng)的大小是影響產(chǎn)匯流過程中硝態(tài)氮濃度變化的重要因素;利用M(V)曲線分析了小流域氮磷輸出的初期效應(yīng),降水過程中總磷、氨氮較其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)成分表現(xiàn)出明顯的初期效應(yīng),不同流域?qū)Ρ冉Y(jié)果表明總磷與氨氮(或凱氏氮)在初期效應(yīng)上的規(guī)律基本一致。最后,利用SWAT水文模型模擬分析了琉璃河流域近30年氮磷輸出與匯集特點(diǎn),結(jié)果表明不同徑流成分輸出的硝態(tài)氮負(fù)荷順序?yàn)槿乐辛鞯乇韽搅鞯叵聫搅?而不同徑流中的硝態(tài)氮濃度次序?yàn)榈乇韽搅魅乐辛鞯叵聫搅鳌Ｑ雌?6-9月)是氮磷負(fù)荷輸出的主要時(shí)期,而隨壤中流和地下徑流輸出的硝態(tài)氮負(fù)荷受汛期的影響小于地表徑流,汛期對(duì)總磷輸出的影響大于總氮。
[Abstract]:According to the 2013 China Environmental situation Bulletin, the water environment of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Liaohe River and other watersheds is worrying, and the deterioration of water environment has aggravated the already tense water resources situation in these areas. Non-point source pollution has become the primary threat to water environment, among which nitrogen and phosphorus are important factors of eutrophication. The output and accumulation of nutrients in the watershed are closely related to the process of rainfall runoff. Only through the study of the interaction process can the mechanism of soil nutrient loss be understood and the regularity of nutrient migration changing with the change of rainfall runoff can be revealed. In this study, water and water quality observation experiments on slope scale and watershed scale were carried out in the Xitaizi Experimental small Watershed in Huairou District, Beijing, and combined with the data of USDA experiment small watershed and SWAT hydrological model tool. By means of experimental observation, data analysis and model simulation, the effects of runoff production and confluence on nutrient output and accumulation were revealed. The results showed that the total nitrogen concentration and nitrate nitrogen concentration in runoff were significantly higher than that in Rain Water, and the nitrate concentration was higher than that of Rain Water because of the erosion and erosion of Rain Water to the soil on the slope surface. The results showed that the total nitrogen concentration in the surface water was higher than that in the surface water stream, and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was also higher than that of Rain Water. According to the nitrogen and phosphorus load output from different runoff components, the nitrogen and phosphorus load output from surface runoff is greater than that from soil flow, and the total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of surface runoff is higher than that of soil medium flow, and the nitrate nitrogen in soil water is higher than that in soil water, but the total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in surface runoff is higher than that in soil medium flow. The concentration of total phosphorus was obviously higher than that of Rain Water, but the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was lower than that of Rain Water, which indicated that nitrate nitrogen in soil, total phosphorus migrated with infiltration flow in the form of leaching, while ammonia nitrogen decreased because of adsorption by soil colloid. The accumulation effect of total nitrogen in groundwater is obvious. Secondly, the river discharge and water quality were measured and analyzed, combined with the data of USDA experimental watershed, the results showed that the rain intensity was an important factor affecting the concentration of nitrate in the process of runoff production and confluence. The initial effect of nitrogen and phosphorus output in small watershed was analyzed by means of M (V) curve. The total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen showed obvious initial effect compared with other nutrients in precipitation process. The results showed that the initial effects of total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen (or Kjeldahl nitrogen) were basically consistent with each other. Finally, SWAT hydrological model was used to simulate and analyze the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus output and accumulation in the last 30 years in the river basin. The results showed that the order of nitrate load of different runoff components was ground runoff. The order of nitrate concentration in different runoff is ground runoff. Flood season (June to September) is the main period of nitrogen and phosphorus load output, and the effect of nitrate nitrogen load with soil flow and underground runoff is less than that of surface runoff, and the effect of flood season on total phosphorus output is greater than total nitrogen.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：X52

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