本文選題：土壤類型 + 玉米��； 參考：《吉林農業(yè)大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來東北地區(qū)玉米施氮過量的現象非常普遍,不僅增加了氮素的損失,降低了氮肥的利用效率,影響了農業(yè)生產的經濟效益,而且也會造成了大氣和地下水體的污染,給人類的生產和生活帶來了一定影響。為了明確吉林省玉米種植過程中農田氮素通過氨揮發(fā)和硝態(tài)氮淋失損失的數量和規(guī)律,提高氮肥的利用效率,本研究通過吉林省梨樹縣布置的相同氣候條件的3點4年長期定位試驗,研究了三種類型土壤即沖積土、黑土、風砂土在不同施氮水平條件下氨揮發(fā)特性和土壤中硝態(tài)氮累積情況,探討不同類型土壤氨揮發(fā)和土壤硝態(tài)氮累積的差異,及不同施氮水平對氨揮發(fā)及土壤硝態(tài)氮累積的影響,以期為指導該區(qū)的氮肥合理施用和控制氮肥對環(huán)境的污染提供理論依據。本研究主要結果如下:1、在相同氣候條件和相同施氮水平下,不同類型土壤氨揮發(fā)特性的研究結果,沖積土、黑土、風砂土的最大氨揮發(fā)速率分別2.19kg/(hm2·d)、3.94kg/(hm2·d)、6.63kg/(hm2·d),追時期的最大氨揮發(fā)速率分別為基施時期的2.1倍,2.6倍,2.5倍。沖積土、黑土、風砂土的最大氨揮發(fā)累積總量分別為27.29kgN/ha、31.69kgN/ha、45.18kgN/ha;氨揮發(fā)損失率分別為5.97%-7.50%、7.05%-8.68%、11.31%-12.70%,氨揮發(fā)強度的大小順序為風砂土黑土沖積土;與土壤的pH呈正相關。2、不同類型土壤硝態(tài)氮累積情況,玉米產量和土壤中NO3--N累積量的大小順序為沖積土黑土風砂土,當施氮量為240kg/ha時,三種土壤的玉米產量均達到最大值,且土壤的中NO3--N累積量不會造成地下水的污染;3、在玉米的不同生育期內,前期0-60cm土層中的NO3--N累積動態(tài)變化較大,主要與人為施氮和玉米的養(yǎng)分吸收有關,后期120-200cm土層中NO3--N累積動態(tài)變化較大,主要與NO3--N向土壤深層的淋洗有關;不同類型土壤中NO3--N累積動態(tài)變化的程度與其本身的土壤質地有關;4、當施氮量增大到一定程度時,土壤中氮素表觀損失率的大小順序為沖積土風砂土黑土,與玉米產量和土壤性質有關。綜上所述,在相同氣候條件和相同施氮水平下,不同類型土壤氨揮發(fā)強度的大小順序為風砂土黑土沖積土,硝態(tài)氮累積程度的大小順序為沖積土黑土風砂土;當施氮量增大到一定程度時,土壤中氮素表觀損失率的大小順序為沖積土風砂土黑土。且在施氮量為240kg/ha時,三種土壤的玉米產量均達到最大值,且土壤的中硝態(tài)氮淋失不會造成地下水的污染。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the phenomenon of excessive application of nitrogen in maize in Northeast China is very common, which not only increases the loss of nitrogen, reduces the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization, affects the economic benefit of agricultural production, but also causes the pollution of air and underground water body. Has brought certain influence to the human production and the life. In order to clarify the amount and regularity of nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching during maize planting in Jilin Province, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer was improved. In this study, three types of soils, namely alluvial soil, black soil, were studied by long-term positioning experiment of the same climatic conditions in Lishu County, Jilin Province. The characteristics of ammonia volatilization in wind-sand soil and the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in soil under different nitrogen levels were studied. The differences of ammonia volatilization and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in different types of soil and the effects of different nitrogen levels on ammonia volatilization and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil were discussed. In order to guide the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and control of nitrogen pollution to the environment to provide a theoretical basis. The main results of this study are as follows: under the same climatic conditions and the same nitrogen application level, the ammonia volatilization characteristics of different types of soils are studied, alluvial soil, black soil, The maximum ammonia volatilization rate of aeolian sandy soil was 3.94 kg / (hm2 d) 2.19kg/ (hm2 d) 3.94 kg / (hm2 d) 6.63 kg / (the maximum ammonia volatilization rate in hm2 d), topdressing period was 2. 1 times, 2. 6 times, 2. 5 times of that in base application period, respectively. The maximum ammonia volatilization accumulative amount of alluvial soil, black soil and wind sand is 27.29 kg N / ha 31.69 kg N / ha 45.18 kg N / ha, and the loss rate of ammonia volatilization is 5.97 -7.50% 7.05 -8.68 and 11.31 -12.70, respectively. The order of ammonia volatilization intensity is alluvial soil of wind sand soil and black soil. There was a positive correlation between soil pH and soil pH. The yield of maize and the amount of no _ 3 N accumulated in soil were in the order of alluvial soil, black soil, wind sand, and different types of soil. When the amount of nitrogen applied was 240kg/ha, the corn yield of the three soils all reached the maximum. The accumulation of NO3 N in soil did not cause groundwater pollution. During the different growth stages of maize, the accumulation of NO3 N in 0-60cm soil layer changed greatly in the early stage, which was mainly related to artificial nitrogen application and nutrient absorption of maize. In the late stage of 120-200cm, the accumulation of NO3-N in soil layer is more dynamic, which is mainly related to the leaching of NO3-N to the deep layer of soil, and the degree of dynamic change of accumulation of NO3-N in different types of soil is related to its soil texture, and when the amount of nitrogen applied increases to a certain extent, the dynamic change of NO3-N accumulation in different types of soil is related to its soil texture. The order of apparent loss rate of nitrogen in soil is alluvial soil, aeolian sandy soil, black soil, which is related to maize yield and soil properties. To sum up, under the same climatic conditions and the same nitrogen application level, the order of ammonia volatilization intensity of different types of soil is wind sand black soil alluvial soil, and the order of nitrate accumulation degree is alluvial soil black soil wind sand soil; When the amount of nitrogen applied increased to a certain extent, the order of apparent loss rate of nitrogen in soil was alluvial soil, wind-sand soil, black soil. When the nitrogen application rate was 240kg/ha, the corn yield of the three soils reached the maximum value, and the leaching of nitrate in the soil would not cause groundwater pollution.
【學位授予單位】：吉林農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X144;X712

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本文編號：2059286