本文關(guān)鍵詞：人工濕地處理采油廢水的環(huán)境與生態(tài)效應(yīng)研究　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 人工表面流濕地 采油廢水 環(huán)境效應(yīng) 生態(tài)效應(yīng)

【摘要】：自上世紀(jì)五十年代起,世界各地普遍將濕地作為廢水處理的一種手段,填補傳統(tǒng)的下水道式的污水處理系統(tǒng)的一些不足。隨后的研究發(fā)展出建造人工濕地,以相比天然濕地更易于優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)來處理廢水。現(xiàn)階段以處理廢水作為功能的人工濕地包括三種類型：表面流人工濕地、潛流人工濕地與垂直流人工濕地。相比其他廢水類型,采油廢水一般具有含油量高、懸浮固體顆粒含量較高、含鹽量高、含細(xì)菌以及部分油田的污水含有表面活性劑等特點。傳統(tǒng)的處理方法現(xiàn)階段主要有物理化學(xué)法和生物處理法等。使用人工表面流濕地技術(shù)處理采油廢水,與傳統(tǒng)污水生化處理技術(shù)相比,具有投資運作成本與運行成本低、處理效果好、兼有生態(tài)修復(fù)功能與營造生態(tài)景觀等特點。另一問題上具有占地面積較大的缺點,而油田地域廣闊,人煙稀少,大部分的土地因石油開采導(dǎo)致閑置,并且一些油田周圍已存在一些天然濕地,這些都為人工濕地在油田的發(fā)展提供了十分有利的作用。已有的研究著眼于處理工藝與凈水成效,對表面流濕地本身的環(huán)境與生態(tài)效應(yīng)關(guān)注較少。以孤東油田人工濕地為樣例,周邊的自然濕地為對照,進行采油污水水質(zhì)改善與生態(tài)功能影響評估,為擬訂濕地操作維護提供參考,為達(dá)到水資源循環(huán)利用,實現(xiàn)油田采油廢水零排放的目標(biāo)提供依據(jù)。通過實地的踏勘,采集研究區(qū)域內(nèi)的水樣、底泥和蘆葦樣本進行分析,并對植物群落進行樣方統(tǒng)計。得出如下結(jié)論：(1)人工表面流濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)植物豐富度相對較低。僅從植物豐富度來分析,對照組的物種數(shù)量高于人工表面流濕地,這與人工表面流濕地建設(shè)完工時間較短有直接關(guān)系,引種的蘆葦開始復(fù)壯,其他物種還未進入,這種狀況在2-3年內(nèi)會發(fā)生變化,人工表面流濕地的物種會逐步豐富起來。(2)植物多樣性較自然系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化。無論從香農(nóng)-威納指數(shù)還是從辛普森指數(shù)分析,都可以看出人工表面流濕地均高于對照區(qū)域,說明在人工輔助的情形下,物種數(shù)量目前雖然不高,但群落的異質(zhì)性均高于對照區(qū)域,說明建設(shè)項目對改造群落的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)揮了作用,生物群落的功能將趨于完善,通過人工建設(shè)生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)更好。(3)蘆葦對比分析說明人工表面流濕地蘆葦?shù)纳L與生理指標(biāo)優(yōu)于周邊對照樣地。人工表面流濕地的蓋度、基徑、葉綠素含量等指標(biāo)均顯著優(yōu)于周邊對照。(4)人工表面流濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能比周邊對照樣地更強。人工表面流濕地與周邊對照樣地生物量存在顯著差異。人工濕地的平均地上部分鮮重為1.61kg/m2,周邊對照區(qū)的地上部分鮮重為0.95 kg/m2,說明人工表面流濕地的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能優(yōu)于周邊對照樣地�？傮w來看,相比對照的自然濕地,研究區(qū)域的人工表面流濕地生態(tài)質(zhì)量較高,效益顯著,已經(jīng)開始產(chǎn)生重要作用。
[Abstract]:Since -50s, wetlands have been widely used in the world as a means of wastewater treatment to fill some of the shortcomings of traditional sewer wastewater treatment systems. Subsequently, the construction of constructed wetlands was developed. At present, the constructed wetland with wastewater treatment as its function includes three types: surface flow constructed wetland. Compared with other types of wastewater, oil recovery wastewater generally has high oil content, high suspended solid particle content and high salt content. The traditional treatment methods include physicochemical method and biological treatment method. Artificial surface flow wetland technology is used to treat oil production wastewater. Compared with the traditional wastewater biochemical treatment technology, it has lower investment and operation cost and better treatment effect. It also has the characteristics of ecological restoration and ecological landscape. Another problem has the shortcoming of larger area, while the oil field is vast, sparsely populated, and most of the land is idle due to oil exploitation. And there are some natural wetlands around some oilfields, which provide a very favorable role for the development of artificial wetlands in oil fields. Less attention was paid to the environmental and ecological effects of the surface flow wetland. Taking the constructed wetland in Gudong Oilfield as an example and the surrounding natural wetland as the control, the water quality improvement and ecological function impact assessment were carried out. In order to provide reference for wetland operation and maintenance, to achieve the goal of recycling water resources and to achieve zero discharge of oilfield oil recovery wastewater. Through field exploration, the water samples in the study area are collected. The samples of sediment and Reed were analyzed, and the plant communities were analyzed. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) the plant richness of the artificial surface flow wetland ecosystem was relatively low, only from the plant richness. The number of species in the control group was higher than that in the artificial surface flow wetland, which was directly related to the short construction time of the constructed surface flow wetland. The introduced Reed began to rejuvenate, while the other species had not entered. This will change in 2-3 years. The species of artificial surface flow wetland will be enriched gradually. 2) Plant diversity is optimized compared with natural system. Both Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson index are analyzed. It can be seen that the artificial surface flow wetland is higher than the control area, indicating that the number of species is not high, but the heterogeneity of community is higher than that of the control area. It shows that the construction project has played a role in the transformation of the community structure, and the function of the biological community will be improved. The comparison and analysis of Reed showed that the growth and physiological indexes of artificial surface flow wetland were better than those of peripheral wetland. The coverage and base diameter of artificial surface flow wetland were better than that of peripheral wetland. Chlorophyll content was significantly better than that of peripheral control. The ecosystem function of artificial surface flow wetland is stronger than that of peripheral surface flow wetland, and the biomass of artificial surface flow wetland is significantly different from that of peripheral surface flow wetland. The average fresh weight of constructed wetland is 1.61kg / m ~ 2. . The fresh weight of the aboveground part of the peripheral control area was 0.95 kg / m ~ 2, which indicated that the ecosystem function of the artificial surface flow wetland was better than that of the surrounding area. The artificial surface flow wetland in the study area has high ecological quality and remarkable benefit, and has already begun to play an important role.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X741

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