本文選題：湖泊濕地 + 景觀格局　； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：濕地科學(xué)的研究是從湖泊學(xué)和沼澤學(xué)發(fā)展而來(lái)的,對(duì)濕地進(jìn)行研究最早可以追溯到17世紀(jì)。經(jīng)過(guò)300多年的不斷發(fā)展,濕地科學(xué)已由最初的萌芽狀態(tài)演變?yōu)榭茖W(xué)框架構(gòu)筑階段,現(xiàn)已成為國(guó)內(nèi)諸多外專家學(xué)者所關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)研究領(lǐng)域。長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)是中國(guó)淡水湖泊分布最集中的區(qū)域之一,湖泊濕地景觀對(duì)該區(qū)域的發(fā)展具有重要意義,但是近幾十年來(lái)人類活動(dòng)與河流泥沙淤積共同制約、影響著湖區(qū)的演變,圍湖造田、河流上游亂砍濫伐導(dǎo)致水土流失加劇,湖泊泥沙大量淤積,不斷加速著該地區(qū)淡水湖泊的衰亡,湖泊水體面積急劇縮小,泥灘、草灘、蘆葦灘地等景觀面積逐漸增多,再加上城市化的迅速發(fā)展,人工地表和建設(shè)用地也迅速增加,湖區(qū)景觀及其功能發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 本文利用RS和GIS對(duì)長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)濕地景觀動(dòng)態(tài)變化進(jìn)行研究,首先對(duì)研究區(qū)1984年至2012年近三十年中的Landsat TM/ETM、MODIS衛(wèi)星遙感影像以及歐空局ENVISAT衛(wèi)星拍攝的2009年遙感影像數(shù)據(jù)的濕地景觀進(jìn)行分析,然后對(duì)遙感影像采取分類處理的措施,獲取研究區(qū)域內(nèi)各年份相應(yīng)的濕地景觀基本參數(shù),同時(shí)結(jié)合Google Earth和已收集到的土地利用類型圖在ArcGIS中制作各年份的土地利用類型圖,通過(guò)一系列景觀格局指數(shù)例如：PLAND、LSI、LPI、CONHESION、 SHDI、SHEI等對(duì)景觀格局進(jìn)行分析,探討長(zhǎng)江中下游鄱陽(yáng)湖、洞庭湖、太湖湖區(qū)濕地以及土地利用類型的動(dòng)態(tài)變化規(guī)律,同時(shí)探討景觀格局變化的原因,得出結(jié)論如下： 1、通過(guò)對(duì)長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)三大淡水湖泊濕地景觀的格局指數(shù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)太湖由于地理位置和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平較高的因素使得其與鄱陽(yáng)湖和洞庭湖在景觀格局指數(shù)變化趨勢(shì)略有不同。 2、鄱陽(yáng)湖、洞庭湖、太湖湖區(qū)濕地景觀面積呈下降趨勢(shì),其中耕地和水體減少最為明顯,耕地的斑塊個(gè)數(shù)逐漸降低,最大斑塊指數(shù)逐漸增大,耕地逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇蟀邏K,表明人類活動(dòng)對(duì)景觀變化有重要作用。 3、在人類活動(dòng)對(duì)濕地景觀的影響上本文發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于自然濕地景觀(泥灘地、草灘地、蘆葦灘地),人類活動(dòng)一定程度上增加了景觀的破碎程度,降低了均勻度；但是在人類參與較多的耕地方面,降低了破碎程度,增加了景觀的均勻度。 4、通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的太湖地區(qū)和欠發(fā)達(dá)的鄱陽(yáng)湖、洞庭湖湖區(qū)對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)近20年來(lái)建筑用地面積劇增,而以水體為主的,包括泥灘地、草灘地、蘆葦灘地在內(nèi)的自然濕地景觀面積不同程度的降低；而欠發(fā)達(dá)的湖區(qū)由于城市化進(jìn)程,建筑用地也在增加,但是增幅較小,自然濕地景觀變化趨勢(shì)除了水體其他皆與太湖湖區(qū)相反。 5、通過(guò)對(duì)三大淡水湖湖區(qū)的研究可以一定程度上推斷出整個(gè)長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)湖泊濕地景觀的演變情況——水體、耕地面積呈下降趨勢(shì)；在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)自然濕地景觀近20年呈下降趨勢(shì),欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)呈略增趨勢(shì)；由于城市化進(jìn)程和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,建設(shè)用地面積呈上升趨勢(shì)。 6、濕地演替是景觀自然演變的重要原因,隨著泥沙大量淤積,水體外緣地區(qū)依次會(huì)出現(xiàn)泥灘地、草灘地、蘆葦灘地最終會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯譂竦亍?7、泥沙淤積是加劇湖區(qū)景觀轉(zhuǎn)變的原因之一,尤其是水體景觀的變化。大量植物又會(huì)加速泥沙的淤積,泥沙淤積又利于濕地演替的進(jìn)行,二者形成惡性循環(huán)。 8、圍湖造田和退耕還湖是影響湖區(qū)景觀變化的主要原因。通過(guò)景觀格局指數(shù)分析,可知人類活動(dòng)對(duì)水體周圍的景觀變化有重要影響,尤其是耕地、水體以及建設(shè)用地的變化。
[Abstract]:The research of wetland science is developed from lakes and swamps. The research on wetlands can be traced back to seventeenth Century. After more than 300 years of continuous development, the wetland science has evolved from the initial bud to the construction stage of the scientific framework. It has now become a hot research field for many foreign experts and scholars in China. The downstream area is one of the most concentrated areas in China's freshwater lakes. The landscape of the lake wetland is of great significance to the development of the region. However, in the last few decades, human activities and sediment deposition have influenced the evolution of the lake area. The area of freshwater lakes in this area has been accelerated, the area of lake water is shrinking rapidly, the landscape area of the mudflats, the beach and the reed beach land are increasing gradually, and the rapid development of the urbanization, the rapid increase of the artificial surface and the construction land, and the great changes in the landscape and its function of the lake area.
In this paper, the dynamic changes of wetland landscape in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are studied by RS and GIS. First, the wetland landscape of Landsat TM/ETM, MODIS satellite remote sensing image and ESA ENVISAT satellite from 1984 to 2012 is analyzed, and then the classification of remote sensing images is taken. The basic parameters of the wetland landscape in each year of the study area were obtained. At the same time, Google Earth and the collected land use type map were used to make the land use types of each year in ArcGIS, and the landscape pattern was analyzed by a series of landscape patterns, such as PLAND, LSI, LPI, CONHESION, SHDI, SHEI and so on. The dynamic changes of the wetland and land use types in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake area and the land use types are discussed. The reasons for the change of landscape pattern are discussed. The conclusions are as follows:
1, through the analysis of the landscape pattern index of the three major freshwater lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, it is found that Taihu is slightly different from Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake in the landscape pattern index because of the high level of geographical location and the level of social and economic development.
2, the wetland landscape area of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake and Taihu Lake District showed a decline trend, in which the decrease of cultivated land and water body was most obvious, the number of cultivated land patches gradually decreased, the maximum plaque index gradually increased, and the cultivated land gradually changed into large patch, indicating that human activities had an important role in landscape change.
3, in the impact of human activities on wetland landscape, this paper found that for natural wetland landscape (mudflat land, beach land, reed beach land), human activities to a certain extent increase the degree of fragmentation of landscape, reduce the uniformity of the landscape, but in the human participation in more arable land, reduce the degree of fragmentation, increase the evenness of the landscape.
4, through the economically developed Taihu area and the underdeveloped Poyang Lake, the contrast of the lake area of the Dongting Lake found that the area of the construction land has increased dramatically in the economically developed areas in the last 20 years, while the natural wetland landscape area, including the mudflat land, the beach land and the reed beach land, is not in the same degree, while the underdeveloped Lake area is urbanized. In the process, construction land is also increasing, but the increase is relatively small. The change trend of natural wetland landscape is contrary to that of Taihu Lake area except for other water bodies.
5, through the study of the three major freshwater lakes and lakes, we can deduce the evolution of the lake wetland landscape in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to a certain extent - the water body, the area of arable land shows a downward trend; the natural wetland landscape in the economically developed areas has declined in nearly 20 years, and the underdeveloped areas are slightly increasing; due to the urbanization process and society. With the development of economy, the area of construction land is on the rise.
6, the succession of the wetland is an important reason for the natural evolution of the landscape. With the accumulation of sediment, the mudflat land will appear in the outer edge of the water body. The beach land and the reed beach land will eventually turn into the forest wetland.
7, siltation is one of the reasons that aggravates the landscape transformation in the lake area, especially the changes in the water landscape. A large number of plants will accelerate the siltation of the sediment, and the siltation is also conducive to the succession of the wetland, and the two forms a vicious circle.
8, the main reason for the landscape change in the lake area is to make farmland and return the farmland to the lake. Through the analysis of landscape pattern index, we can see that human activities have an important influence on the landscape change around the water body, especially the changes of cultivated land, water body and construction land.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：P208;P237;P901

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本文編號(hào)：1986280