本文選題：粉塵 + 水壓爆破��； 參考：《中國地質(zhì)大學(北京)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隧道工程爆破掘進作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)會產(chǎn)生大量粉塵,高濃度巖塵對作業(yè)人員身體健康及生產(chǎn)環(huán)境危害巨大。水壓爆破技術(shù)在隧道工程中應用廣泛,可提高爆破效果并在一定程度上降低粉塵濃度,由于水的表面張力較大,對粉塵潤濕性能較差,實際應用中降塵效果并不理想,礦山開采降塵技術(shù)中多使用表面活性劑提高降塵效果,在隧道降塵技術(shù)領域研究應用較少。本文采用理論研究、實驗室實驗及現(xiàn)場檢驗的方法,系統(tǒng)研究了水壓爆破降塵的理論及添加表面活性劑對提高爆破水霧效果,增強潤濕,控制粉塵濃度的作用機理。從表面張力和潤濕性能兩方面出發(fā)研究表面活性劑單體效果及復配實驗方案,選取3個種類6種不同表面活性劑溶液進行表面張力實驗,采集工程3種不同巖石取樣進行接觸角測定,發(fā)現(xiàn)接觸角在普通水的基礎上得到降低,均處于潤濕或部分潤濕范圍內(nèi),效果較好,但不同巖石取樣潤濕性能存在較大差異。認為巖石隧道用表面活性劑應綜合考慮溶液表面張力及接觸角兩方面因素進行篩選。在遵循表面活性劑復配原理的基礎上,將6種表面活性劑分別以各自CMC濃度進行了兩兩復配,對比分析得到溶液表面張力較低,潤濕性能良好,使用安全的表面活性劑配方T7,由陰離子表面活性劑及兩性離子表面活性劑復配而成。實踐表明,隧道爆破作業(yè)后受通風、出渣等作業(yè)干擾,粉塵濃度測試影響因素較多,降塵效果檢驗應綜合考慮現(xiàn)場作業(yè)情況。針對實際隧道工程,結(jié)合水壓爆破技術(shù)施工方法,研究添加配方制作隧道用封堵水袋的方法并進行工程實驗。設計包括爆破安全距離內(nèi)實時粉塵濃度測定、橫斷面濃度分布測定及距離掌子面30m處粉塵濃度測定在內(nèi)的綜合效果評估方案,采用LD-5型激光粉塵測定儀對使用表面活性劑配方的爆破方案及普通水壓爆破方案呼吸性粉塵PM2.5濃度變化進行綜合效果對比,實驗結(jié)果表明加入表面活性劑配方的爆破循環(huán)在爆破后PM2.5濃度比傳統(tǒng)水壓爆破有進一步降低,添加表面活性劑配方T7的水壓爆破技術(shù)對降低隧道爆破粉塵濃度,減少粉塵職業(yè)病危害有一定的實用價值。
[Abstract]:A large amount of dust will be produced in blasting tunneling in tunnel engineering, and high concentration rock dust will do great harm to workers' health and production environment. Water pressure blasting technology is widely used in tunnel engineering, which can improve blasting effect and reduce dust concentration to a certain extent. Due to the large surface tension of water and poor wetting performance to dust, the dust reduction effect in practical application is not ideal. The surface active agent is used to improve the dust control effect in mine mining dust control technology, but it is seldom used in tunnel dust control technology. In this paper, the theory of dust reduction by hydraulic blasting and the mechanism of adding surfactant to improve the effect of blasting water mist, to enhance wetting and to control the concentration of dust are systematically studied by means of theoretical research, laboratory experiments and field tests. The effect of surfactant monomer and its compound experimental scheme were studied from two aspects of surface tension and wettability. Three kinds of six different kinds of surfactant solutions were selected for surface tension experiment. The contact angle of three kinds of different rock samples was measured. It was found that the contact angle was decreased on the basis of common water, and the contact angle was in the range of wetting or partial wetting, and the effect was better, but the wettability of different rock samples was different. It is suggested that the surface tension and contact angle of rock tunnel should be considered comprehensively. On the basis of the principle of surfactant compounding, six surfactants were mixed with their CMC concentration respectively. The results showed that the surface tension of the solution was lower and the wettability was good. Use safe surfactant formula T 7, composed of anionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants. The practice shows that there are many factors influencing the dust concentration test after blasting operation, such as ventilation and slag extraction, and the field operation should be considered comprehensively in the dust control effect test. In view of the actual tunnel engineering, combined with the construction method of hydraulic blasting technology, the method of adding the formula to make the sealing water bag for tunnel is studied and the engineering experiment is carried out. The comprehensive effect evaluation scheme is designed, which includes real time dust concentration measurement in blasting safe distance, determination of cross section concentration distribution and determination of dust concentration at 30 m distance from the face of the palm. By using LD-5 laser dust detector, the comprehensive effects of the blasting scheme with surfactant formula and the general hydraulic blasting scheme with respirable dust PM2.5 concentration change were compared. The experimental results show that the concentration of PM2.5 in the blasting cycle with surfactant formula is further lower than that in traditional hydraulic blasting. The water pressure blasting technology with surfactant formula T7 can reduce the concentration of blasting dust in tunnel blasting. It has certain practical value to reduce the hazard of dust occupational disease.
【學位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(北京)
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：U455.6;TQ423.9

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