本文選題：長江口 + 溢油事故　； 參考：《華東師范大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：長江河口生境條件特殊,是具有全球意義的生物多樣性保護區(qū),也是全球重要生態(tài)敏感區(qū)。隨著長江航運的快速發(fā)展,以及上海國際航運中心建設(shè)的持續(xù)推進,長江口突發(fā)污染事件尤其是大型溢油事故發(fā)生的概率加大,對河口灘涂生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和城市生態(tài)安全構(gòu)成較大威脅。論文以長江口白茆沙"12·30"典型河口溢油事故為例,研究了事故發(fā)生后,河口灘涂濕地環(huán)境中沉積物和水體受到的污染影響,以及污染脅迫下灘涂大型底棲動物群落及典型物種的動態(tài)響應特征,開展了河口溢油事故生態(tài)損害評估,提出了生態(tài)環(huán)境污染損害評估制度建議,為進一步建立完善河口溢油事故的應急處置、調(diào)查評估與治理修復技術(shù)與管理體系提供了科學依據(jù)和技術(shù)支撐。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1)溢油事故發(fā)生后,受河口地形影響,在潮汐、風浪等協(xié)同作用下,約90%以上的油污吸附到河口岸線灘涂濕地。應急處置后,高潮灘沉積物中特征污染物總石油烴(TPH)和多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs)含量均顯著高于對照點和相應中低潮灘污染物含量(P0.01),且呈現(xiàn)非連續(xù)漸變分布,高潮灘沉積物中TPH和PAHs含量呈極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.01),TPH組成均以C17～C36段含量最高,PAHs組成均以2～3環(huán)為主,研究區(qū)域灘涂沉積物受此次事故重油污染特征明顯。2)事故應急處置后,灘涂周邊水體中PAHs含量持續(xù)下降,在二次修復過程中灘涂沉積物受擾動再次釋放出污染物,導致水體中PAHs濃度升高。隨著時間推移,水體中PAHs高環(huán)占比越來越大。水槽模擬實驗表明,在潮汐沖刷作用下,表層沉積物中TPH能以一定速率釋放到水體中(水溫27.5℃,Csed =78731e-0.083t),中底層沉積物中TPH較難釋放,水溫對沉積物中TPH釋放存在較大影響,溫度越低釋放速率越慢。3)溢油事故發(fā)生后,研究區(qū)域底棲動物種數(shù)并未顯著減少,但優(yōu)勢類群由軟體動物和甲殼動物等清潔類群,變?yōu)榄h(huán)節(jié)動物(多毛類、寡毛類)等耐污類群,事故發(fā)生兩年后,甲殼動物恢復成為優(yōu)勢類群,但環(huán)節(jié)動物與軟體動物相比仍占一定優(yōu)勢。此時,該區(qū)域大型底棲動物的平均棲息密度和生物量分別為53.44 ind./m2和6.66g/m2,對比應急處置后(38.19ind./m2和5.15g/m2)有所上升,但與該區(qū)域歷史數(shù)據(jù)(582.23 ind./m2和171.08 g/m2)相比仍有較大差距。4)溢油污染灘涂中無齒螳臂相手蟹體內(nèi)不同組織器官TPH含量差異明顯,內(nèi)臟組織比肌肉組織更容易累積污染物,兩者間呈極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.01)。從時間尺度來看,1年前后比較,生物體內(nèi)TPH含量均呈顯著下降趨勢(P0.05),其中內(nèi)臟組織中TPH下降幅度更大。各點位肌肉和內(nèi)臟組織中的TPH含量與對應點位沉積物中TPH含量呈線性相關(guān)關(guān)系,表明生物體內(nèi)TPH含量在相當程度上直接受到沉積物TPH污染的累積影響。5)溢油事故造成灘涂生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品供給功能損失28.11萬元、調(diào)節(jié)損失526.61萬元、生態(tài)支持服務損失1307.91萬元、文化娛樂服務損失139.30萬元,共計造成當年生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務損失2001.93萬元。實際事故應急處置費用投入842.21萬元,后續(xù)二次修復費用投入1346.16萬元,總計投入2188.37萬元。河口灘涂溢油事故造成單位面積生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務價值損失達每公頃每年29.44萬元,以及清污恢復工程投入每公頃32.18萬元�？傊�,以上結(jié)果表明,溢油事故對河口灘涂生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的污染脅迫和生態(tài)損害具有其特殊性,會受到潮汐、生境等多種因素的共同作用。論文從事件全過程探討了典型溢油事故對灘涂濕地環(huán)境和生物的損害,針對溢油事故灘涂沉積物中TPH和PAHs污染的協(xié)同分析,以及基于近3年的野外實地觀測,對長江口灘涂大型底棲動物群落結(jié)構(gòu)及生物體內(nèi)TPH含量分布的動態(tài)變化研究,進一步印證了溢油事故環(huán)境污染與生物損害之間的因果關(guān)系,彌補了長江口地區(qū)相關(guān)研究的不足,為類似溢油事故的調(diào)查、處置、評估與修復提供了基礎(chǔ)支撐。
[Abstract]:Along with the rapid development of the Yangtze River shipping and the continuous promotion of the construction of the Shanghai international shipping center, the probability of the sudden pollution incidents in the Yangtze Estuary, especially the large oil spill accident, is increasing, and the ecology of the estuary beaches. The system and urban ecological security constitute a great threat. The paper takes the "12. 30" typical estuary oil spill accident in the Yangtze Estuary as an example to study the pollution effects of the sediment and water body in the estuary wetland environment after the accident, and the dynamic response characteristics of the large benthic community and typical species under the pollution stress. The ecological damage assessment of the oil spill accident in the estuary was evaluated, and the suggestion of the ecological environmental pollution damage assessment system was put forward, which provided scientific basis and technical support for further establishing and perfecting the emergency disposal of the oil spill accident in the estuary. The main research results are as follows: 1) after the oil spill accident, the estuary topography Under the synergistic effect of tide, wind and wave, more than 90% of the oil pollution was adsorbed to the beach wetland of the estuary. After emergency treatment, the contents of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the high tide beach were significantly higher than those of the control point and the corresponding middle and low tidal flat (P0.01), and showed a discontinuous gradient distribution and high tide. The content of TPH and PAHs in the beach sediments has a very significant positive correlation (P0.01), and the composition of TPH is the highest in C17 to C36 section, and the composition of PAHs is 2~3 ring. The sediment is disturbed again and releases the contaminants, which leads to the increase of PAHs concentration in the water body. As time goes on, the PAHs high ring occupies a larger proportion in the water body. The sink simulation experiment shows that under the action of tidal scour, the TPH in the surface sediments can be released to the water body at a certain rate (water temperature 27.5, Csed =78731e-0.083t), in the bottom sediments. TPH is more difficult to release, water temperature has a great influence on the release of TPH in the sediment, the lower the temperature is, the slower the release rate is.3. After the oil spill accident, the number of Zoobenthos in the study area does not decrease significantly, but the dominant groups are transformed from mollusk and crustaceans and other clean groups to the anti fouling groups such as the link animals (hairs, oligohairs) and so on. After two years, the crustaceans recovered to become the dominant groups, but the link animals were still superior to the mollusks. The average habitat density and biomass of the large benthic animals in the region were 53.44 ind./m2 and 6.66g/m2 respectively, compared with the emergency treatment (38.19ind./m2 and 5.15g /m2), but with the historical data of the region (582.23 in). Compared to d./m2 and 171.08 g/m2), there is still a larger gap.4) the difference of TPH content in different tissues and organs in the spilled oil pollution beach is obvious, and the visceral tissue is more likely to accumulate pollutants than the muscle tissue, and there is a significant positive correlation between them (P0.01). From the time scale, the content of TPH in the organism is all in the body before and after 1 years. The decreasing trend of TPH in the visceral tissues was significantly decreased (P0.05). The TPH content in the muscle and visceral tissues of each point was linearly related to the TPH content in the corresponding point sediments, indicating that the TPH content in the organism was directly affected by the cumulative effect of the sediment TPH pollution in.5) the oil spill accident caused the beach ecosystem. The product supply function loss was 281 thousand and 100 yuan, the loss was 5 million 266 thousand and 100 yuan, the loss of ecological support service was 13 million 79 thousand and 100 yuan and the loss of cultural and entertainment service was 1 million 393 thousand yuan. The total loss of ecosystem services was 20 million 19 thousand and 300 yuan. The actual emergency disposal cost was invested 8 million 422 thousand and 100 yuan, and the subsequent two repair costs were invested 13 million 461 thousand and 600 yuan, total investment. The oil spill accident caused the loss of ecosystem service value per unit area of 294 thousand and 400 yuan per hectare per hectare and 321 thousand and 800 yuan per hectare per hectare per hectare. In a word, the above results show that the oil spill accident has its special characteristics on the pollution coerced and ecological damage of the estuary Beach ecosystem, which will be affected by the tides. In this paper, the environmental and biological damage of typical oil spill accidents on the wetland environment and biology is discussed from the whole event, and the synergistic analysis of TPH and PAHs pollution in the mudflat sediments of the oil spill accident and the field observation on the basis of the field in the last 3 years are applied to the structure and organism of the macrozoobenthos community in the tidal flat of the Yangtze River Estuary. The dynamic changes in the content distribution of internal TPH further confirm the causality between the environmental pollution and the biological damage of the oil spill accident, and make up the insufficiency of the related research in the Yangtze Estuary area, and provide the basic support for the investigation, disposal, evaluation and restoration of similar oil spill accidents.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X171.5;U698.7

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本文編號：2004174