【摘要】：巖石力學(xué)試驗(yàn)機(jī)的發(fā)展水平?jīng)Q定著多項(xiàng)研究的深度與廣度。現(xiàn)有的巖石力學(xué)試驗(yàn)機(jī)大多只能通過加載,獲得巖石的應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線等宏觀力學(xué)特性,但無法獲知巖石內(nèi)部的細(xì)觀結(jié)構(gòu)破裂演進(jìn)機(jī)制及內(nèi)部物質(zhì)運(yùn)移規(guī)律。本課題致力于研制一種新型的巖石力學(xué)試驗(yàn)機(jī),在對(duì)巖石進(jìn)行加載的同時(shí),借助高能加速器CT技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)壓裂過程的實(shí)時(shí)成像,這就需要試驗(yàn)機(jī)在加載的同時(shí)精密旋轉(zhuǎn)。根據(jù)新型試驗(yàn)機(jī)的工況,論文提出了一種全新的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu),并針對(duì)新結(jié)構(gòu),完成了試驗(yàn)機(jī)電液伺服系統(tǒng)的各項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)。通過對(duì)系統(tǒng)的建模和仿真,證明了方案的可行性。最后,完成了試驗(yàn)機(jī)的加工、組裝、調(diào)試,并進(jìn)行了加載實(shí)驗(yàn)。新型試驗(yàn)機(jī)沒有采用傳統(tǒng)的支柱式反力架結(jié)構(gòu),而是用壓力室室壁充當(dāng)反力架。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以使軸向加載時(shí)的劇烈變載荷成為試驗(yàn)機(jī)的內(nèi)力,從而保證了旋轉(zhuǎn)精度,為CT成像創(chuàng)造了條件。論文完成了試驗(yàn)機(jī)的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、液壓回路設(shè)計(jì)、泵站設(shè)計(jì)、供液系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、電控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、密封設(shè)計(jì)等。加工并組裝了伺服缸、增壓缸、壓力室、通液板、通液法蘭、液壓集成板、電液旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭等重要零件。完成了電液伺服閥、位移傳感器、壓力傳感器、控制器等的選型和調(diào)試。針對(duì)試驗(yàn)機(jī)的特點(diǎn),提出了一種巖石應(yīng)力應(yīng)變峰后曲線的探測(cè)方法。由于軸向加載伺服缸和圍壓加載增壓缸為非對(duì)稱缸,論文使用了一種利用等效承壓面積加權(quán)平均的方法和液壓彈簧剛度理論建立的零開口閥控非對(duì)稱缸系統(tǒng)的線性模型,用參數(shù)加權(quán)平均的方法統(tǒng)一了兩個(gè)方向上不同的系統(tǒng)模型。論文進(jìn)行了理論建模+Simulink仿真、AMESim-Simulink聯(lián)合仿真以及AMESim綜合建模仿真。三種方式互為補(bǔ)充,互相比較,得到了軸向力加載響應(yīng)速度可達(dá)0.4s,動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)頻率可達(dá)5.4Hz。試驗(yàn)機(jī)進(jìn)行了靜態(tài)加載實(shí)驗(yàn)和動(dòng)態(tài)加載實(shí)驗(yàn)。靜態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)得到了無圍壓與有圍壓時(shí)的整機(jī)剛度,結(jié)果顯示20MPa圍壓液對(duì)整機(jī)剛度無顯著影響,均為0.32GN/m。動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,對(duì)軸向力控系統(tǒng)輸入0.5Hz至5Hz的正弦信號(hào),根據(jù)輸入輸出曲線,低頻時(shí)跟蹤良好,5Hz時(shí)輸出的相位滯后僅有54度,幅值無明顯衰減;位置控制模式下,階躍響應(yīng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差小于0.001mm,對(duì)1Hz的正弦輸入跟蹤良好。這與仿真結(jié)果基本吻合,可以勝任十噸級(jí)巖石力學(xué)試驗(yàn)機(jī)的工作要求。
[Abstract]:The development level of rock mechanics testing machine determines the depth and breadth of many studies. Most of the existing rock mechanics testing machines can only obtain the macroscopic mechanical properties of rock such as stress-strain curves by loading, but it is impossible to know the evolution mechanism of the mesoscopic structure and the internal material migration law of the rock. This paper is devoted to the development of a new rock mechanics testing machine, which can realize the real-time imaging of fracturing process with the help of high energy accelerator CT technology while loading the rock, which requires the testing machine to rotate precisely while loading. According to the working condition of the new type of testing machine, a new mechanical structure is put forward, and the design of the electro-hydraulic servo system of the testing machine is completed in the light of the new structure. The feasibility of the scheme is proved by modeling and simulation of the system. Finally, the machining, assembling, debugging and loading experiment of the testing machine are completed. The new testing machine does not adopt the traditional support structure, but uses the pressure chamber wall as the counterforce frame. This structure can make the violent variable load under axial loading become the internal force of the testing machine, thus ensure the rotation accuracy and create the condition for CT imaging. The mechanical structure design, hydraulic circuit design, pump station design, liquid supply system design, electronic control system design, seal design and so on have been completed in this paper. Some important parts such as servo cylinder, pressurized cylinder, pressure chamber, hydraulic plate, hydraulic flange, hydraulic integrated plate, electro-hydraulic rotary joint and so on have been fabricated and assembled. Complete the selection and debugging of electro-hydraulic servo valve, displacement sensor, pressure sensor, controller and so on. According to the characteristics of the testing machine, a method for detecting the post-peak curves of rock stress and strain is proposed. Because the axial loading servo cylinder and the confining pressure pressurized cylinder are asymmetric cylinders, a linear model of zero opening valve controlled asymmetric cylinder system is established by using the method of weighted average area under equivalent pressure and the theory of hydraulic spring stiffness. Two different system models in different directions are unified by the method of parameter weighted average. In this paper, theoretical modeling and Simulink simulation, AMESim-Simulink joint simulation and AMESim integrated modeling and simulation are carried out. Compared with each other, the response speed of axial force loading can reach 0.4 s, and the dynamic response frequency can reach 5.4 Hz. Static and dynamic loading experiments were carried out on the tester. The stiffness of the whole machine without and with confining pressure is obtained by static experiment. The results show that the 20MPa confining pressure fluid has no significant effect on the stiffness of the whole machine, which is 0.32 GNR / m. In dynamic experiment, the sinusoidal signal from 0.5Hz to 5Hz is input to the axial force control system. According to the input and output curves, the low frequency tracking is good, the phase lag of 5Hz is only 54 degrees, and the amplitude has no obvious attenuation. The steady-state error of step response is less than 0.001mm, and the sinusoidal input of 1Hz is tracked well. The results are in good agreement with the simulation results and can meet the requirements of the ten-ton rock mechanics testing machine.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TH87;TH137

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