韓國低碳綠色成長戰(zhàn)略研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-11 09:23
【摘要】：地球溫暖效應(yīng)和氣候變化是二十世紀全球最危險最重要的問題。1990年開始，隨著地球溫室效應(yīng)問題越來越嚴重，，聯(lián)合國所采取的措施也漸漸具體化。氣候變化是世界經(jīng)濟直面的重要的環(huán)境問題之一，尋找其應(yīng)對措施已經(jīng)是再也無法回避的課題了。地球溫暖化對自然生態(tài)界和經(jīng)濟，甚至人類健康都造成極大地影響。對于自然界的影響有降雨量的變化、海水面的上升，以及生態(tài)混亂；對于人類和經(jīng)濟造成了農(nóng)業(yè)損害，經(jīng)濟的直接或間接損失，以及傳染病的急劇增加導(dǎo)致的健康威脅等。目前，全球?qū)τ跉庀螽愖兒蜕鷳B(tài)界的變化問題會越發(fā)嚴重的憂慮加劇。隨著各國漸漸開始意識到氣候變化會導(dǎo)致臺風洪水旱災(zāi)等自然災(zāi)害的頻率和受災(zāi)程度的加重，以聯(lián)合國為重心，針對氣候變化問題的國際化協(xié)商體系正式開始探討。 在意識到地球溫暖化是威脅人類生存的主要原因的同時，為了緩和氣候變化，國際社會共同采取行動，并且建筑名為國際性合作體制的國際氣候變化規(guī)范，著力于氣候變化問題-聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約(UNFCCC)在1992年被采納后于1994年3月正式生效。UNFCCC是以人類經(jīng)濟活動過程增加了大氣中溫室氣體濃度導(dǎo)致氣候變化的證據(jù)為前提，目的旨在共同努力減少溫室氣體和適應(yīng)氣候的變化。為了防止地球溫室效應(yīng)加劇，1992年聯(lián)合國在環(huán)境開發(fā)會議中，采納了關(guān)于氣候變化的國際聯(lián)合基本協(xié)約。包含了具體實行計劃京都協(xié)議書以俄羅斯的基準與2005年2月16日生效，為抑制溫室氣體排出正式開始國際化的環(huán)境規(guī)定。 在2005年開舉的第一屆協(xié)約當事國總會中，根據(jù)協(xié)議書3.9條第一次公約期結(jié)束日為止，附屬的所有國家至少提前七年開設(shè)工作集團AWG-KP探討往后的公約內(nèi)容。與此同時,在2007年第13屆締約方會議(cop13)中，采納了巴厘島行動計劃(action plan bap:bali bap),不僅是協(xié)定的義務(wù)減排國家，為了讓協(xié)約上的所有國家共同協(xié)作而開設(shè)工作集團AWG-LCA。通過上述兩個工作團的成立，將氣候變化協(xié)商分為兩個管理范疇， AWG-LCA在共享藍圖、縮減、適應(yīng)、財源、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓方面，而AWG-KP主要致力于增設(shè)減排手段和減排范圍為主要課題。根據(jù)bap2009年第15次締約方會議(cop15)談判最后限定為多110個國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人參加，受到了人們的關(guān)注,但主要經(jīng)濟國家在總會上單方面提交非正式協(xié)商成果“哥本哈根協(xié)議(copenhagenaccord)。這樣不透明的討論,大多數(shù)被排除在非正式協(xié)商中的發(fā)展中國家抗議后，結(jié)果最終協(xié)議文不是被正式采納而是在總會中被重視。因為當初設(shè)定的期間沒有達成協(xié)議，所以在2010年第16屆締約方會議(cop16)中延長了期限，大體上采納了包含哥本哈根協(xié)議文內(nèi)容的坎昆協(xié)商(cancun agreement)，但重要爭論焦點未達成協(xié)議。2011年第17次締約方會議(cop17)在“坎昆協(xié)議”的重要成果是使綠色氣候基金(gcf:green climate fund,以下gcf)更加具體化,并決定從2012年開始的同時,規(guī)定《京都議定書》的第2次締約期限,并設(shè)定2020年以后適用于所有當事國議定書以及其他法律體制的協(xié)商為主要內(nèi)容的“Durbanpackage”。.2011年在德班開舉的COP17中，協(xié)商藍圖圍繞京都一期結(jié)束了的2012年后的京都體制延長問題和新體制構(gòu)建問題，發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家之間對立的持續(xù)進行過程中，發(fā)達國家以京都體制延長期限為前提條件，要求主要溫室氣體排放國家義務(wù)參與減排，并且還要求構(gòu)筑具有統(tǒng)一法律約束力的體制。然而另一方面，發(fā)展中國家本著“共同的差別化職責”原則，支持只有發(fā)達國家義務(wù)減排延長期限而發(fā)展中國家以技術(shù)、財政支援為前提的自發(fā)性的減排的雙軌制體制。在這一點上， COP17結(jié)果各發(fā)展中國家的要求事項，即以GCF出臺為動力的2012年后的體制相關(guān)一攬子交易(package deal)的性格的評價。同時,按照發(fā)展中國家的要求，協(xié)議《京都議定書》第2次締約期限延長,并且就這樣的發(fā)展中國家的意見作為2020年以后新氣候變化體制下的單一(single)法律形式達成協(xié)議。2011年12月第十七屆參與國大會（COP:Conference of the Parties,COP17）上德班綱領(lǐng)中提出了2020年以后所有國家在單一法律效力下構(gòu)建新的氣候變化體制的前景計劃。在考量使用至今的依據(jù)溫室效應(yīng)歷史責任確定各國不同法律責任的氣候變化體制時，題為單一法律效力的新的氣候變化體制（新氣候變化體制）的指向作用預(yù)計會更多樣化，并且能帶來根本性的變化。 對于包括能源在內(nèi)的資源枯竭的憂慮正在增加，市場中的綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)的增長趨勢也正在擴大。以氫氣、燃料電池、太陽光等綠色能源技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的能源市場，很可能會一躍成為一個超過IT,BT的巨大產(chǎn)業(yè)，作為新的成長動力，培養(yǎng)綠色能源的產(chǎn)業(yè)的必要性越來越大。在這種情況下，國際性的低碳綠色增長作為國家競爭力的核心戰(zhàn)略正在興起。除此之外，耗能問題的嚴重性、韓國溫室氣體排出量的持續(xù)增加、全球變暖日趨嚴重，受到這些問題直接影響的韓國的實情來看，可以說低碳綠色增長是必然的選擇。不僅如此，低碳綠色增長作為韓半島創(chuàng)造奇跡的未來戰(zhàn)略，韓國能源發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的研究將是非常必要的。 從國內(nèi)的背景來看，韓國的能量消費問題的嚴重性，韓國暖房氣體排出量的不斷增加，對應(yīng)全球變暖的脆弱性等分開進行說明。國際社會在過去幾十年間就環(huán)境變化的問題一直采取了觀望的態(tài)勢。在京都議定書中記錄還是發(fā)展中國家的韓國在過去20年中沒有任何就溫室氣體的相關(guān)規(guī)定，不斷增加使用天然燃料的數(shù)量來換取經(jīng)濟增長。經(jīng)濟實力排全球前12為的韓國在過去半個世紀里專注于產(chǎn)業(yè)化，到現(xiàn)在為止只為地球氣溫上升問題上給出“貢獻”，在阻止氣候變化的國際社會上所作的貢獻十分少。但是作為排名世界第12經(jīng)濟大國OECD會員國韓國以后成為義務(wù)監(jiān)督暖房設(shè)施國家的可能性十分大。并且因國際化競爭的深入化，保持收益創(chuàng)出模仿形象不便的情況下現(xiàn)在的競爭力艱巨。韓國國內(nèi)依靠價格競爭力的資源消耗型和出口為中心的制造業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的確實性正逐漸降低并且化石燃料依存構(gòu)造對經(jīng)濟社會環(huán)境都有不可避免的負面影響。對能源需要不斷增加的現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)中對化石燃料的高依存無疑加深大氣環(huán)境污染。所以要通過轉(zhuǎn)換觀念完成新的國家發(fā)展契機。通過綠色轉(zhuǎn)換追求經(jīng)濟成長和環(huán)境保護的新觀念正在抬頭。即通過將各產(chǎn)業(yè)價值鏈向低碳小型親環(huán)境型轉(zhuǎn)換來擴大競爭優(yōu)勢開發(fā)新興市場。所以要通過積極的意識和國家的努力將本是危機的氣候變化和能源問題轉(zhuǎn)變成機會。由于產(chǎn)業(yè)構(gòu)造轉(zhuǎn)換成煤炭儲存所的方式，使產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展和環(huán)境問題的解決走向良性循環(huán)，通過探索可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展?jié)摿U充方案，改善周邊生活環(huán)境，保全生態(tài)來滿足人們對舒適生活的要求，這就需要轉(zhuǎn)換政府的國定運營，企業(yè)的經(jīng)營管理和國民的日常生活等政治，經(jīng)濟，社會等全部領(lǐng)域的基本模式。另外在汽車，造船，鋼鐵，半導(dǎo)體等基本主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)達到成長周期臨界線的狀況下，新成長動力是引領(lǐng)韓國未來的希望動力。由于煤炭儲存所經(jīng)濟背景的一致化，主要國家對新成長動力領(lǐng)域的關(guān)心也基本類似。新成長產(chǎn)業(yè)的關(guān)鍵詞可主要概括為信息產(chǎn)業(yè)，融合，環(huán)境，能源和生物等。韓國新成長產(chǎn)業(yè)的培養(yǎng)政策和主要國家的政策基本類似。這在不久的將來會形成熾熱的競爭，在競爭中脫落的話將不能確保持續(xù)的成長，因此必須在我們擅長的領(lǐng)域中進行選擇和集中問題的研究。 對于過往經(jīng)濟成長為主的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略而言，考慮環(huán)境問題并提出可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題的具有代表性的報告書是1972年由多個領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者共同參與的羅馬俱樂部完成的“成長的限制”。根據(jù)這份報告書，以現(xiàn)今為止的人口增加、資源匱乏、環(huán)境污染趨勢來看，無法持續(xù)與過去一樣的經(jīng)濟成長。為了環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，開始追求零增長戰(zhàn)略方式。以此為契機，持續(xù)商討可持續(xù)發(fā)展的問題，開發(fā)相關(guān)的理論，并把達成共同可持續(xù)發(fā)展為國家政策的主要議程。為此必須強化經(jīng)濟、環(huán)境和社會發(fā)展這三個層面。另外，為了將此作為一個具體實質(zhì)性的政策而實施，強調(diào)了所有主體的共同的責任感，不僅僅是國內(nèi)，國際化治理也在不斷地強化。
[Abstract]:Global warming and climate change are the most dangerous and important issues in the twentieth century. Since 1990, as the global greenhouse effect has become more and more serious, the measures taken by the United Nations have gradually become concrete. Climate change is one of the most important environmental problems facing the world economy, and it is no longer possible to find a solution to them. The warming of the earth has a tremendous impact on the natural ecology and economy, even on human health. The impact on nature includes changes in rainfall, rising sea levels, and ecological chaos; agricultural damage to human beings and the economy, direct or indirect economic losses, and the sharp increase in infectious diseases. At present, the global climate change and ecological changes will become increasingly serious concerns. As countries gradually become aware that climate change will lead to typhoons, floods, droughts and other natural disasters, such as the frequency and severity of the increase, the United Nations-focused International Consultation System on climate change issues. Officially began to explore.
While recognizing that warming of the earth is a major threat to human survival, in order to mitigate climate change, the international community has jointly taken action and built an international climate change norm called the International Cooperation System, focusing on climate change - the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted in 1992 and in 1993 UNFCCC is based on evidence of climate change caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human economic activity. It aims to work together to reduce greenhouse gases and adapt to climate change. The International Joint Basic Agreement contains the environmental provisions for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, which takes effect on February 16, 2005, on the basis of Russia and formally starts internationalization to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
At the first general meeting of the contracting parties held in 2005, all the affiliated countries had opened a working group AWG-KP at least seven years in advance of the end of the first convention period, in accordance with Article 3.9 of the agreement. Meanwhile, the Bali Action Plan was adopted at the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP 13) in 2007. Bap: Bali bap) is not only a contractual obligation to reduce emissions, but also a working group, AWG-LCA, established to allow all countries in the agreement to work together. Through the establishment of these two working groups, climate change negotiations are divided into two management areas: AWG-LCA in the sharing of blueprints, reduction, adaptation, financial resources, technology transfer, and AWG-KP is mainly committed to increasing. Setting emission reduction tools and scope is the main topic. According to the final limit of 110 leaders to participate in the negotiation of the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) in 2009, attention has been paid to this issue. However, the major economic countries unilaterally submitted the outcome of the informal consultation "Copenhagen Accord" at the general meeting. This is an opaque discussion. Most of the developing countries excluded from informal consultations protested, and the final agreement was not formally adopted but was taken seriously by the general assembly. The 17th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 17) in 2011 achieved a significant result in making the Green Climate Fund (gcf) more concrete and decided to provide for the second contracting of the Kyoto Protocol, starting in 2012. Durban Package, which will be applicable to all protocols and other legal systems after 2020, was set as the main content. In COP 17, which was launched in Durban in 2011, the blueprint for negotiations centered on the extension of the Kyoto system after the first phase of Kyoto ended in 2012 and the construction of a new system, developed countries and developing countries. In the ongoing process of confrontation between countries, the developed countries, with the extension of the Kyoto regime as a prerequisite, require the major greenhouse gas emitters to participate in emission reduction obligations, and also require the establishment of a unified legally binding system. In this regard, COP17 results in the requirements of developing countries, namely, the introduction of GCF as a driving force for the post-2012 system-related package deal evaluation. At the request of developing countries, the second contracting period of the Kyoto Protocol is extended and the views of developing countries are agreed as a single legal form under the new climate change regime after 2020. The prospects for building a new climate change regime in all countries after 2020 under a single legal effect are proposed. When considering the climate change regime that has been used so far to determine the different legal responsibilities of each country based on the historical responsibility of the greenhouse effect, the new climate change regime with a single legal effect (the new climate change regime) is proposed. Use is expected to be more diverse and can bring about fundamental changes.
Concerns about resource depletion, including energy, are growing, and the growth trend of green industries in the market is expanding. Energy markets based on green energy technologies such as hydrogen, fuel cells and sunlight are likely to leap into a giant industry that surpasses IT and BT as a new growth engine to foster green energy. In this case, the international low-carbon green growth as the core strategy of national competitiveness is emerging. In addition, the seriousness of energy consumption problems, South Korea's greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, global warming is becoming increasingly serious, directly affected by these problems in South Korea's reality, it can be said that Low-carbon green growth is an inevitable choice. Moreover, low-carbon green growth as a miracle of the future strategy of the Korean Peninsula, South Korea's energy development strategy research will be very necessary.
In the domestic context, the seriousness of the energy consumption problem in South Korea, the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases in South Korea, and the vulnerability to global warming are explained separately. South Korea, which has no greenhouse gas regulations in the past 20 years, has been increasing its use of natural fuels in exchange for economic growth. The contribution of the international community is very small. But as the 12th largest OECD member country in the world, South Korea is very likely to become a country with compulsory supervision of heating facilities. The certainty of competitive resource-consuming and export-oriented manufacturing industry development strategies is gradually diminishing and fossil fuel dependence structures have unavoidable negative impacts on the economic and social environment. The new concept of pursuing economic growth and environmental protection through green transformation is rising, that is, expanding competitive advantages to develop emerging markets by shifting the value chains of various industries to low-carbon, small-scale, environmentally friendly ones. Climate change and energy issues are transformed into opportunities. As industrial structures are transformed into coal storage facilities, solutions to industrial development and environmental problems are in a virtuous circle. By exploring potential expansion schemes for sustainable economic development, we can improve the living environment around us and preserve the ecology to meet people's requirements for a comfortable life. In addition, under the condition that the basic leading industries such as automobiles, shipbuilding, steel and semiconductors have reached the critical growth cycle, the new growth power is the hope power to lead Korea in the future. The key words of new growth industries can be summarized as information industry, integration, environment, energy and biology. The training policies of new growth industries in South Korea are basically similar to those of the major countries. Competition, if lost in competition, will not ensure sustained growth, so we must choose and concentrate on research in areas where we are good at.
For past economic growth-oriented development strategies, a representative report on environmental issues and sustainable development was completed by the Rome Club in 1972 with the participation of scholars from various fields. In view of the trend of pollution, it is impossible to sustain the same economic growth as in the past. In order to achieve the sustainable development of the environment, zero growth strategy should be pursued. In addition, in order to implement it as a concrete and substantive policy, we emphasize the common sense of responsibility of all subjects, not only at home, but also at home.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：X32;F131.26
[Abstract]:Global warming and climate change are the most dangerous and important issues in the twentieth century. Since 1990, as the global greenhouse effect has become more and more serious, the measures taken by the United Nations have gradually become concrete. Climate change is one of the most important environmental problems facing the world economy, and it is no longer possible to find a solution to them. The warming of the earth has a tremendous impact on the natural ecology and economy, even on human health. The impact on nature includes changes in rainfall, rising sea levels, and ecological chaos; agricultural damage to human beings and the economy, direct or indirect economic losses, and the sharp increase in infectious diseases. At present, the global climate change and ecological changes will become increasingly serious concerns. As countries gradually become aware that climate change will lead to typhoons, floods, droughts and other natural disasters, such as the frequency and severity of the increase, the United Nations-focused International Consultation System on climate change issues. Officially began to explore.
While recognizing that warming of the earth is a major threat to human survival, in order to mitigate climate change, the international community has jointly taken action and built an international climate change norm called the International Cooperation System, focusing on climate change - the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted in 1992 and in 1993 UNFCCC is based on evidence of climate change caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human economic activity. It aims to work together to reduce greenhouse gases and adapt to climate change. The International Joint Basic Agreement contains the environmental provisions for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, which takes effect on February 16, 2005, on the basis of Russia and formally starts internationalization to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
At the first general meeting of the contracting parties held in 2005, all the affiliated countries had opened a working group AWG-KP at least seven years in advance of the end of the first convention period, in accordance with Article 3.9 of the agreement. Meanwhile, the Bali Action Plan was adopted at the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP 13) in 2007. Bap: Bali bap) is not only a contractual obligation to reduce emissions, but also a working group, AWG-LCA, established to allow all countries in the agreement to work together. Through the establishment of these two working groups, climate change negotiations are divided into two management areas: AWG-LCA in the sharing of blueprints, reduction, adaptation, financial resources, technology transfer, and AWG-KP is mainly committed to increasing. Setting emission reduction tools and scope is the main topic. According to the final limit of 110 leaders to participate in the negotiation of the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) in 2009, attention has been paid to this issue. However, the major economic countries unilaterally submitted the outcome of the informal consultation "Copenhagen Accord" at the general meeting. This is an opaque discussion. Most of the developing countries excluded from informal consultations protested, and the final agreement was not formally adopted but was taken seriously by the general assembly. The 17th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 17) in 2011 achieved a significant result in making the Green Climate Fund (gcf) more concrete and decided to provide for the second contracting of the Kyoto Protocol, starting in 2012. Durban Package, which will be applicable to all protocols and other legal systems after 2020, was set as the main content. In COP 17, which was launched in Durban in 2011, the blueprint for negotiations centered on the extension of the Kyoto system after the first phase of Kyoto ended in 2012 and the construction of a new system, developed countries and developing countries. In the ongoing process of confrontation between countries, the developed countries, with the extension of the Kyoto regime as a prerequisite, require the major greenhouse gas emitters to participate in emission reduction obligations, and also require the establishment of a unified legally binding system. In this regard, COP17 results in the requirements of developing countries, namely, the introduction of GCF as a driving force for the post-2012 system-related package deal evaluation. At the request of developing countries, the second contracting period of the Kyoto Protocol is extended and the views of developing countries are agreed as a single legal form under the new climate change regime after 2020. The prospects for building a new climate change regime in all countries after 2020 under a single legal effect are proposed. When considering the climate change regime that has been used so far to determine the different legal responsibilities of each country based on the historical responsibility of the greenhouse effect, the new climate change regime with a single legal effect (the new climate change regime) is proposed. Use is expected to be more diverse and can bring about fundamental changes.
Concerns about resource depletion, including energy, are growing, and the growth trend of green industries in the market is expanding. Energy markets based on green energy technologies such as hydrogen, fuel cells and sunlight are likely to leap into a giant industry that surpasses IT and BT as a new growth engine to foster green energy. In this case, the international low-carbon green growth as the core strategy of national competitiveness is emerging. In addition, the seriousness of energy consumption problems, South Korea's greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, global warming is becoming increasingly serious, directly affected by these problems in South Korea's reality, it can be said that Low-carbon green growth is an inevitable choice. Moreover, low-carbon green growth as a miracle of the future strategy of the Korean Peninsula, South Korea's energy development strategy research will be very necessary.
In the domestic context, the seriousness of the energy consumption problem in South Korea, the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases in South Korea, and the vulnerability to global warming are explained separately. South Korea, which has no greenhouse gas regulations in the past 20 years, has been increasing its use of natural fuels in exchange for economic growth. The contribution of the international community is very small. But as the 12th largest OECD member country in the world, South Korea is very likely to become a country with compulsory supervision of heating facilities. The certainty of competitive resource-consuming and export-oriented manufacturing industry development strategies is gradually diminishing and fossil fuel dependence structures have unavoidable negative impacts on the economic and social environment. The new concept of pursuing economic growth and environmental protection through green transformation is rising, that is, expanding competitive advantages to develop emerging markets by shifting the value chains of various industries to low-carbon, small-scale, environmentally friendly ones. Climate change and energy issues are transformed into opportunities. As industrial structures are transformed into coal storage facilities, solutions to industrial development and environmental problems are in a virtuous circle. By exploring potential expansion schemes for sustainable economic development, we can improve the living environment around us and preserve the ecology to meet people's requirements for a comfortable life. In addition, under the condition that the basic leading industries such as automobiles, shipbuilding, steel and semiconductors have reached the critical growth cycle, the new growth power is the hope power to lead Korea in the future. The key words of new growth industries can be summarized as information industry, integration, environment, energy and biology. The training policies of new growth industries in South Korea are basically similar to those of the major countries. Competition, if lost in competition, will not ensure sustained growth, so we must choose and concentrate on research in areas where we are good at.
For past economic growth-oriented development strategies, a representative report on environmental issues and sustainable development was completed by the Rome Club in 1972 with the participation of scholars from various fields. In view of the trend of pollution, it is impossible to sustain the same economic growth as in the past. In order to achieve the sustainable development of the environment, zero growth strategy should be pursued. In addition, in order to implement it as a concrete and substantive policy, we emphasize the common sense of responsibility of all subjects, not only at home, but also at home.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：X32;F131.26
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