【摘要】：19世紀(jì)的英國處在一個歷史轉(zhuǎn)折時期,這一時期的主旋律可以用一個字來概括,即“變”。無論是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化還是思想領(lǐng)域都發(fā)生著翻天覆地的變化。英國在進(jìn)入父權(quán)制社會以后,女性便一直受到男性統(tǒng)治者的壓迫,女性自我意識便逐漸被隱藏在女性的內(nèi)心深處。然而,伴隨著啟蒙運(yùn)動思想傳來以后,英國女性深受啟發(fā),自我意識開始覺醒,并指導(dǎo)英國婦女開展選舉權(quán)運(yùn)動。運(yùn)動的開展需要一定的思想理論來指導(dǎo)。啟蒙運(yùn)動所帶來的天賦人權(quán)、自由、平等思想是女性自我意識萌發(fā)的“天然胎盤”。英國女性吸收啟蒙思想家所倡導(dǎo)的男女兩性擁有相同的理性思維,女性低下的社會地位是男性主流社會所造成的等思想。因此,19世紀(jì)英國女性首次有意識的主動向男權(quán)社會提出挑戰(zhàn),要求在符合男性社會制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下,擁有和男性相同的權(quán)利和待遇,這即是女性對公正的要求。伴隨著女性的挑戰(zhàn),男權(quán)社會給予嚴(yán)厲的批判。他們?yōu)榱说种婆缘姆N種要求,反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)男女的性別差異,男性在各個方面都是優(yōu)于女性的,所以女性應(yīng)該服從于男性。然而伴隨著運(yùn)動的開展,女性恰巧利用男性的這一說法,認(rèn)為男女的性別差異是存在的,不再像以前一樣刻意否認(rèn)男女之間的差異。強(qiáng)調(diào)女性區(qū)別于男性的特征正是男性所無法取代的,進(jìn)而提出了婦女“本質(zhì)論”思想。這一思想,是女性基于自身特質(zhì)所提出來的,是將女性的政治要求掩蓋在了利益的面紗之下。到了19世紀(jì)末,新自由主義思想的盛行,為女性自我意識的提升提供了思想基礎(chǔ)。部分與整體思想認(rèn)為女性是國家的一部分,對國家的建設(shè)起到不可替代的作用。英國政府采取國家干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的手段,插手衛(wèi)生、教育、濟(jì)貧等領(lǐng)域的事物,這些服務(wù)性行業(yè)更需要女性群體為國家出力。在運(yùn)動開展的過程中,女性自我意識一直在提升和發(fā)展,經(jīng)歷了從對公正的要求,到婦女“本質(zhì)論”的提出,再到對政治上的平等要求這一曲折發(fā)展過程。體現(xiàn)了女性自我意識的啟蒙與發(fā)展。從抽象的利益要求,到純粹的政治平等要求,體現(xiàn)了女性自我意識的提升。女性自我意識的發(fā)展對婦女選舉權(quán)運(yùn)動起到促進(jìn)作用,而運(yùn)動的進(jìn)一步開展也促進(jìn)女性自我意識的提升。
[Abstract]:Britain in the 19th century is at a historical turning point, and the theme of this period can be summed up in one word, that is, change. Great changes have taken place in the political, economic, cultural and ideological fields. Since Britain entered patriarchal society, women have been oppressed by male rulers, and women's self-consciousness has gradually been hidden in the heart of women. However, with the Enlightenment thought, British women were inspired, self-consciousness began to wake up, and guide British women to carry out the campaign for the right to vote. The development of the movement needs a certain ideological theory to guide. The innate human rights, freedom and equality thoughts brought by the Enlightenment are the natural placentae of women's self-consciousness. British women absorb the same rational thinking between men and women advocated by enlightening thinkers, and the low social status of women is caused by the mainstream society of men and so on. Therefore, for the first time in the 19th century, British women consciously challenged the patriarchal society, demanding that they have the same rights and treatment as men in accordance with the standards set by the male society, which is women's demand for justice. With the challenge of women, the patriarchal society gave severe criticism. In order to resist the demands of women, they repeatedly emphasize the gender differences between men and women, men are superior to women in every respect, so women should obey men. However, with the development of the movement, women happen to take advantage of men's claim that there is a gender difference between men and women and that the difference between men and women is no longer as deliberately denied as it used to be. Emphasizing that the characteristics of women are different from men are irreplaceable by men, and then put forward the thought of "essence" of women. This idea, put forward by women on the basis of their own characteristics, is to hide women's political demands under the veil of interests. By the end of the 19 ~ (th) century, the prevalence of neo-liberalism provided the ideological basis for the promotion of women's self-consciousness. Part and whole thought that women are a part of the country and play an irreplaceable role in the construction of the country. The British government intervenes in areas such as health, education and poverty relief through the state's intervention in the economy, and these service industries require women to contribute to the country. During the development of the movement, women's self-consciousness has been promoted and developed, which has experienced a tortuous development from the demand for justice, to the proposal of women's "essentialism" and to the requirement of political equality. It reflects the enlightenment and development of female self-consciousness. From abstract interest requirements to pure political equality requirements, it reflects the promotion of women's self-consciousness. The development of women's self-consciousness promotes the movement of women's right to vote, and the further development of the movement also promotes the promotion of women's self-consciousness.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：K561.4

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