【摘要】：在通常的情況下，依據(jù)合同自由原則，民事主體享有締約自由，即享有是否訂立契約的自由以及選擇相對人的自由。然而，自19世紀晚期進入壟斷資本主義階段以后，締約自由遭到了嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。在供水、供電、供氣、供暖、郵政通信、公共交通運輸?shù)汝P系社會公眾生存和生活必需品的領域，由于供給者通常是占據(jù)市場支配地位的公用企業(yè)，，如果任由這些企業(yè)享有締約自由，則交易相對人的締約自由就會受到極大的限制。如果任其發(fā)展而不加以干預，不僅社會公眾的生存和生活條件難以保障，而且平等的競爭環(huán)境就會不復存在，社會穩(wěn)定和市場經(jīng)濟將會難以為繼。在此背景下，為確保私法自治，避免其形同虛設，對公用企業(yè)施加強制締約義務就成為立法上的必然選擇。包括我國在內(nèi)的許多國家和地區(qū)紛紛在立法上規(guī)確立了公用企業(yè)強制締約制度。 本文通過研究國內(nèi)外公用企業(yè)強制締約制度的理論成果和立法現(xiàn)狀，對完善我國公用企業(yè)強制締約制度提出建議。引言和結語除外，本文共分為四個部分： 第一部分，主要介紹強制締約的一般原理。首先對強制締約進行界定，分析強制締約的概念及其與格式合同和命令合同的區(qū)別；其次對強制締約的分類進行介紹，依據(jù)不同的觀點，強制締約有三種不同的分類：絕對強制締約與相對強制締約、直接強制締約與間接強制締約和公法上的強制締約與私法上的強制締約。 第二部分，對國外公用企業(yè)強制締約制度進行比較分析。俄羅斯通過民法典直接確立公用企業(yè)強制締約制度、德國利用法律解釋確立公用企業(yè)間接強制締約制度以及美國通過判例建立公用企業(yè)強制締約制度，通過比較分析，從中發(fā)現(xiàn)對我國的借鑒意義。 第三部分，主要介紹我國公用企業(yè)強制締約制度的現(xiàn)狀和不足。首先，對公用企業(yè)的概念進行介紹，分析它的含義和特征；其次，分析公用企業(yè)強制締約制度的起因，主要包括政府職能的要求、契約正義的要求、特定政治經(jīng)濟目的的要求和企業(yè)社會責任的要求；接著，分析公用企業(yè)強制締約制度的性質，明確其具有民法屬性；然后，通過列舉相關的法律規(guī)定，介紹我國公用企業(yè)強制締約制度；最后，總結我國公用企業(yè)強制締約制度的不足，具體來說包括缺乏原則性規(guī)定、適用范圍過窄、抗辯事由不明確和民事責任規(guī)范缺失四個方面的問題。 第四部分，主要就如何完善我國公用企業(yè)強制締約制度提出建議。具體措施包括出臺原則性規(guī)定、擴大適用范圍、明確抗辯事由、健全民事責任；其中抗辯事由主要包括當事人具有締約相對人的可選擇性，締約要求違反法律或者公序良俗和不可抗力；健全民事責任主要指明確民事責任的性質、承擔方式以及適用方式。
[Abstract]:In general, according to the principle of freedom of contract, civil subjects enjoy the freedom to conclude contracts, that is, the freedom to conclude contracts or not and the freedom to choose their counterparts. Transportation and other fields which are closely related to the survival and necessities of the public, because the supplier is usually a public enterprise occupying a dominant position in the market, if these enterprises are allowed to enjoy the freedom of contracting, the contracting freedom of the counterpart of the transaction will be greatly restricted. If they are allowed to develop without intervention, not only the survival and survival of the public will be restricted. In order to ensure the autonomy of private law and avoid its nothingness, it is an inevitable choice to impose compulsory contracting obligations on public enterprises. The mandatory contracting system of public enterprises is established in legislation.
By studying the theoretical results and legislative status of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises at home and abroad, this paper puts forward some suggestions for perfecting the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in China.
The first part mainly introduces the general principles of compulsory contracting. Firstly, it defines compulsory contracting, analyzes the concept of compulsory contracting and the difference between compulsory contracting and format contract and order contract. Secondly, it introduces the classification of compulsory contracting. According to different viewpoints, compulsory contracting has three different classifications: absolute compulsory contracting and relative compulsory contracting. Contracting, direct and indirect compulsory contracting, compulsory contracting in public law and compulsory contracting in private law.
The second part makes a comparative analysis of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in foreign countries. Russia directly establishes the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises through the civil code, Germany establishes the indirect compulsory contracting system of public enterprises through legal interpretation, and the United States establishes the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises through precedents. The reference significance of our country.
The third part mainly introduces the current situation and shortcomings of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in China. First, it introduces the concept of public enterprises, analyzes its meaning and characteristics; secondly, it analyzes the causes of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises, including the requirements of government functions, the requirements of contract justice, the requirements of specific political and economic purposes and Secondly, it analyzes the nature of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises, and clarifies its civil law nature. Secondly, it introduces the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in China by enumerating relevant legal provisions. Finally, it summarizes the deficiencies of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in China, including the lack of principled provisions. The scope of application is too narrow, the reasons for defense are not clear and the civil liability standard is missing from four aspects.
The fourth part mainly puts forward some suggestions on how to perfect the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in our country.The concrete measures include introducing principled provisions, enlarging the scope of application, clarifying the reasons for defense and improving civil liability. Customary and force majeure; sound civil liability mainly refers to the clear nature of civil liability, the way to assume and the mode of application.
【學位授予單位】：重慶大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D923.6;D923

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本文編號：2232697