明清北京城墻的布局與構(gòu)成研究及城垣復(fù)原
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-05 09:28
【摘要】：論文主要以明清北京城墻為研究對象,對其布局、構(gòu)成進(jìn)行研究。在此基礎(chǔ)上,以上世紀(jì)20—50年代留下的關(guān)于北京城墻的多套測繪資料為依據(jù),對北京城墻的城垣進(jìn)行可視化復(fù)原。同時,利用復(fù)原圖紙、模型、老照片校正數(shù)據(jù),以此為基礎(chǔ),建立明清北京城垣系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫。明清北京城墻的布局研究,主要是在詳細(xì)梳理城墻歷史沿革后,對內(nèi)、外城各段城垣的布局及其影響因素做系統(tǒng)總結(jié),認(rèn)為內(nèi)、外城布局的影響因素主要為軍事、禮制、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、地質(zhì)地貌、宗教文化、現(xiàn)實條件等方面。城門的布局研究上,主要以《考工記》中匠人營國所記載的“旁三門”制度為出發(fā)點,研究中國古代城市城門布局中對“旁三門”的理解與應(yīng)用;同時在前輩學(xué)者對北京內(nèi)城九門的研究基礎(chǔ)上,以民間傳說中“三頭六臂兩足”的結(jié)構(gòu)來理解北京城門的整體布局特征。城門的類型研究中,以甕城形態(tài)不同將城門區(qū)分為兩類:直角甕城城門、弧角甕城城門。同時,以明清北京城門中為什么僅東直門、西直門是直門為問題切入點,發(fā)現(xiàn)了北宋東京城、金中都、元大都城門布局的一個重要特征:正門為直門、偏門為弧門。這個特征符合中國傳統(tǒng)的“正直文化”,推測可能是一定歷史時期中國古代(都城)城門布局的規(guī)制。明清北京城墻的構(gòu)成研究,從構(gòu)成的要素、構(gòu)成材料、構(gòu)成技術(shù)、結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造等角度,對北京城墻作拆解性局部研究。北京城墻的構(gòu)成要素可分為城垣、護(hù)城河、城臺、城樓、甕城、箭樓、閘樓、敵臺、角臺、角樓、馬道,水關(guān)等其它附屬建筑,各個部分相互聯(lián)系,構(gòu)成一整套嚴(yán)密的防御系統(tǒng)。北京城墻的構(gòu)成材料主要是土、磚、石、木,采用版筑夯土、砌磚、發(fā)券的技術(shù)建造城垣。傳統(tǒng)的土木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑,按照城墻的防御功能需要,分布于城垣上。在結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造的研究中,以拆城墻時記載的豁口斷面數(shù)據(jù),研究內(nèi)、外城城垣的構(gòu)成特征,同時對城墻的歷史沿革起到佐證的作用。對明清北京城垣的研究性復(fù)原,主要目的在于將大量的數(shù)據(jù),以可視化的方式進(jìn)行整理校對,剔除錯誤數(shù)據(jù),為消失的北京城墻留下更為可靠的信息資料。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the layout and composition of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties. On this basis, the visual restoration of the walls of Beijing is carried out on the basis of many sets of surveying and mapping data about the walls of Beijing left in the 1920s and 1950s. At the same time, the database of Beijing City Wall system in Ming and Qing dynasties was established based on the data of restoration drawings, models and old photos. The research on the layout of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties, mainly after combing the historical evolution of the city wall in detail, systematically summarizes the layout of the walls inside and outside the city and its influencing factors. It is believed that the influential factors of the layout of the inner and outer city are mainly military, ritual and political. Economy, geology and geomorphology, religion culture, realistic condition and so on. In the study of the layout of the city gate, the author mainly studies the understanding and application of the "three doors" in the layout of the ancient Chinese city gates from the system recorded by the craftsmen and the country of the craftsmen. At the same time, on the basis of the previous scholars' research on the nine doors of the inner city of Beijing, the overall layout characteristics of the Beijing gate are understood by the structure of "three heads, six arms and two feet" in folklore. In the study of the types of Chengmen, the city gate is divided into two categories: right angle vat city gate and arc angle urn city gate. At the same time, taking Dongzhimen as the only Dongzhimen in the Beijing gate in the Ming and Qing dynasties, Xizhimen as the breakthrough point of the problem, the author finds an important characteristic of the layout of the capital city in the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Zhongdu and Yuan Dadu: the main gate is the straight gate, and the deviated door is the arc gate. This feature accords with the traditional "culture of integrity" in China, and suggests that it may be the regulation of the city gate layout in ancient China in a certain historical period. The research on the composition of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties is a partial study on the dismantling of the wall of Beijing from the aspects of the elements, materials, technology and structure of the city wall. The constituent elements of the wall of Beijing can be divided into city walls, moats, city platforms, city towers, urn cities, archery towers, sluice towers, enemy towers, corner towers, horses' roads, waterways, and other ancillary buildings, each of which is connected to each other. Constitute a complete set of strict defense systems. The building materials of the wall of Beijing are mainly earth, brick, stone and wood. Traditional civil structures, according to the defense function of the wall, distributed on the wall. In the study of structural structure, the structural characteristics of the inner and outer city walls are studied by using the data of the gouge section recorded when the walls are broken down, and the historical evolution of the walls is proved at the same time. The main purpose of the research restoration of the Beijing city walls in the Ming and Qing dynasties is to collate and proofread a large number of data in a visual way, to eliminate the wrong data, and to leave more reliable information for the disappeared walls of Beijing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京建筑大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TU-098.1
本文編號：2223867
[Abstract]:This paper studies the layout and composition of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties. On this basis, the visual restoration of the walls of Beijing is carried out on the basis of many sets of surveying and mapping data about the walls of Beijing left in the 1920s and 1950s. At the same time, the database of Beijing City Wall system in Ming and Qing dynasties was established based on the data of restoration drawings, models and old photos. The research on the layout of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties, mainly after combing the historical evolution of the city wall in detail, systematically summarizes the layout of the walls inside and outside the city and its influencing factors. It is believed that the influential factors of the layout of the inner and outer city are mainly military, ritual and political. Economy, geology and geomorphology, religion culture, realistic condition and so on. In the study of the layout of the city gate, the author mainly studies the understanding and application of the "three doors" in the layout of the ancient Chinese city gates from the system recorded by the craftsmen and the country of the craftsmen. At the same time, on the basis of the previous scholars' research on the nine doors of the inner city of Beijing, the overall layout characteristics of the Beijing gate are understood by the structure of "three heads, six arms and two feet" in folklore. In the study of the types of Chengmen, the city gate is divided into two categories: right angle vat city gate and arc angle urn city gate. At the same time, taking Dongzhimen as the only Dongzhimen in the Beijing gate in the Ming and Qing dynasties, Xizhimen as the breakthrough point of the problem, the author finds an important characteristic of the layout of the capital city in the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Zhongdu and Yuan Dadu: the main gate is the straight gate, and the deviated door is the arc gate. This feature accords with the traditional "culture of integrity" in China, and suggests that it may be the regulation of the city gate layout in ancient China in a certain historical period. The research on the composition of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties is a partial study on the dismantling of the wall of Beijing from the aspects of the elements, materials, technology and structure of the city wall. The constituent elements of the wall of Beijing can be divided into city walls, moats, city platforms, city towers, urn cities, archery towers, sluice towers, enemy towers, corner towers, horses' roads, waterways, and other ancillary buildings, each of which is connected to each other. Constitute a complete set of strict defense systems. The building materials of the wall of Beijing are mainly earth, brick, stone and wood. Traditional civil structures, according to the defense function of the wall, distributed on the wall. In the study of structural structure, the structural characteristics of the inner and outer city walls are studied by using the data of the gouge section recorded when the walls are broken down, and the historical evolution of the walls is proved at the same time. The main purpose of the research restoration of the Beijing city walls in the Ming and Qing dynasties is to collate and proofread a large number of data in a visual way, to eliminate the wrong data, and to leave more reliable information for the disappeared walls of Beijing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京建筑大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TU-098.1
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