本文選題：地表水 + 有機氯農(nóng)藥　； 參考：《成都理工大學》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：在快速發(fā)展的城市化進程形勢下，集政治、經(jīng)濟和文化中心為一體的北京市對環(huán)境中各項指標的要求也越來越嚴格。其中地表水污染已成為一個事關(guān)公共安全和人類健康的重要社會問題。作為主要指標之一的有機鹵素污染物，由于它具有持久性有機污染物（POPs）的特征即難揮發(fā)、難降解和長距離遷移，導致其在水環(huán)境中對人類和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)危害較大。水污染的嚴重程度直接導致了我國城市缺水現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。目前北京市水質(zhì)比較好的只有京密、永定河引水渠和長河，其余有水河流均是劣五類水，19個湖泊中，劣五類水體占的比例為三分之一。根據(jù)我國多年監(jiān)測研究的結(jié)果，，在所有有機污染物張，有機鹵素污染物所占的比例約為45%。因此，有機鹵素污染物是環(huán)境化學和環(huán)境毒理學研究工作者的重點研究對象。 本文針對國內(nèi)外地表水研究指標范圍窄（主要集中于常規(guī)檢測、重金屬、無機鹽、多環(huán)芳烴及部分含氯有機污染物）、研究種態(tài)數(shù)量少、研究區(qū)域不全面（如北京地區(qū)主要是官廳水庫和永定河）及檢測手段不理想等問題，分別以北京地區(qū)的玉淵潭和通惠河作為研究對象，以GC-MS及GC-MS/MS為測試手段，通過對地表水中四類共115種有機鹵素污染物（21種有機氯農(nóng)藥（OCPs）、84種多氯聯(lián)苯（PCBs）、8種多溴聯(lián)苯醚（PBDEs）和2種多氯萘（PCNs））分析和研究，完成了色譜儀器檢測方法和解譜方法的建立，探討了所研究的有機鹵素污染物的含量水平、組成特征、空間分布及來源解析，并且跟國內(nèi)外的有機鹵素污染物含量進行了對比，總結(jié)了北京城區(qū)地表水中有機鹵素污染物的污染程度。另外，通過穿透試驗即樹脂用量的比較來優(yōu)化樣品前處理過程，完成了地表水中有機鹵素污染物的提取和凈化方法。所完成的主要工作及結(jié)論如下： （1）完成了對北京城區(qū)地表水中有機鹵素污染物采樣方法的探索，并根據(jù)采樣方法設(shè)置了采樣點數(shù)以及確定了每個采樣點的具體地理位置；進行穿透試驗即樹脂用量的比較優(yōu)化了樣品前處理過程。采用XAD-2樹脂吸附有機鹵素污染物、索氏提取技術(shù)和硅膠柱分離凈化方法，建立了以GC-MS同時檢測地表水中21種OCPs和84種PCBs的儀器檢測方法和以GC-MS/MS同時檢測地表水中8種PBDEs和2種PCNs的儀器測定方法。通過采取一系列質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制（QA/QC）措施，使分析結(jié)果的準確度得到有效保證。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，試劑空白的譜圖與標準物質(zhì)完全不吻合，說明試劑中不含有待測有機污染物；所有被測有機污染物線性方程的相關(guān)系數(shù)均在0.99以上；空白加標回收率和樣品加標回收率符合美國EPA關(guān)于痕量有機物分析的回收率在100%+40%范圍內(nèi)的要求。 （2）與國內(nèi)外其他地區(qū)相比較，北京城區(qū)地表水中有機氯農(nóng)藥的濃度較高（5.47+0.27ng/L），污染程度屬于中等偏上污染水平。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，玉淵潭中總有機氯農(nóng)藥的濃度比通惠河高，且含量最高的地點為玉淵潭出水口處，含量最低的在入水口處；HCHs是所監(jiān)測的21種有機氯農(nóng)藥中最主要的一種，HCHs中又以β-HCH為主要污染物；該地區(qū)的HCHs主要來自于長時間降解后的農(nóng)藥殘留；未檢出的其他有機氯農(nóng)藥與歷史上很少使用這類殺蟲劑有關(guān)。 （3）北京城區(qū)地表水中多氯聯(lián)苯的濃度較高（50.19+0.10ng/L），污染程度屬于中等偏上污染水平。其中，通惠河中多氯聯(lián)苯的含量較玉淵潭高。北京城區(qū)地表水多氯聯(lián)苯污染主要以低氯為主，尤其是三氯聯(lián)苯中PCB-18污染最嚴重，這與我國歷史上多氯聯(lián)苯的生產(chǎn)和使用狀況是一致的。其中，采自商業(yè)繁華地帶的建國門水樣的PCBs濃度最高，而人流量相對較少的玉淵潭出口處含量最低。 （4）北京城區(qū)地表水中多溴聯(lián)苯醚的濃度較低（13.62+0.26ng/L），污染程度屬于中等偏下水平。其中，玉淵潭中多溴聯(lián)苯醚的含量較通惠河高。BDE-209是北京城區(qū)地表水中的主要污染物，可能的主要原因是：①十溴代聯(lián)苯醚（BDE-209）具有低揮發(fā)性、高的logKow值及在環(huán)境中比較穩(wěn)定的特性；②BDE-209含量高與我國歷史上長期大量生產(chǎn)和使用含有該類物質(zhì)的阻燃劑有關(guān)。 （5）北京城區(qū)地表水中多氯萘的濃度較低（6.15+0.42ng/L），污染程度屬于中等偏下水平。其中，玉淵潭中多氯萘的含量較通惠河高。PCNs中1,2,3,4,6,7-CNs（CN-66）的濃度較1,3,5,7-CNs（CN-42）高。通惠河通州段（周圍有大量工廠和居民）的多氯萘濃度最高，玉淵潭中采樣點8（周圍有多家飯店和大量居民）的濃度最高。可能的主要原因包括：①在燃煤等燃料的燃燒過程中，多氯萘作為副產(chǎn)物生成，通過大氣沉降進入到水環(huán)境中；②較多地使用了含有多氯萘的工業(yè)制品，如電容器介質(zhì)及防腐劑等。
[Abstract]:In the rapid development of urbanization process, the Beijing City, which integrates political, economic and cultural centers, is becoming more and more stringent. Surface water pollution has become an important social problem related to public safety and human health. The characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are difficult to volatilize, difficult to degrade and long distance migration, resulting in great harm to human and ecological system in water environment. The severity of water pollution directly leads to the occurrence of water shortage in China's cities. The only good water quality in Beijing is the Jing mi, the Yongding river diversion canal and the long river, and the rest of the water pollution. Water rivers are inferior to five types of water, and the proportion of inferior five types of water in 19 lakes is 1/3. According to the results of years monitoring and research in China, the proportion of organic halogen pollutants is about 45%. in all organic pollutants, and the organic halogen pollutants are the key research of environmental and environmental toxicology researchers. Elephant.
In this paper, the target range of domestic surface water research is narrow (mainly concentrated on conventional detection, heavy metals, inorganic salts, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some chlorinated organic pollutants), and the research area is less and the research area is not comprehensive (for example, Beijing area is mainly Guanting reservoir and Yongding River) and the detection means are not ideal, respectively, in Beijing area, respectively. As the research object, the Yuan Tan and Tonghui River were used to analyze and study four kinds of organic halogen pollutants (21 kinds of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 84 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2 polychlorinated naphthalene (PCNs) in surface water, and the method of chromatographic instrument detection and spectral method was completed. The content level, composition characteristics, spatial distribution and source analysis of the organic halogen pollutants are discussed and compared with the content of organic halogen pollutants at home and abroad, and the pollution degree of organic halogen pollutants in the surface water of Beijing city is summarized. The sample pretreatment process has completed the extraction and purification methods of organic halogen pollutants in surface water. The main work and conclusions are as follows:
(1) the sampling method of organic halogen pollutants in the surface water of Beijing city was completed, and the sampling points were set up according to the sampling method and the specific geographical location of each sampling point was determined. Through the penetration test, the resin dosage was used to optimize the sample pretreatment process. The XAD-2 resin was used to adsorb the organic halogen pollutants. The method of extracting 21 kinds of OCPs and 84 kinds of PCBs in surface water with GC-MS and measuring 8 kinds of PBDEs and 2 PCNs in surface water by GC-MS/MS are established. A series of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) measures are adopted to make the accuracy of the analysis result. The study found that the spectrum of the reagent blank was completely inconsistent with the standard substance, indicating that the reagent did not contain the organic pollutants to be tested; the correlation coefficients of all the linear equations of the organic pollutants were above 0.99; the blank addition recovery rate and the recovery rate of the sample added were in accordance with the EPA of the United States on the analysis of trace organic matter. The requirement of the yield in the range of 100%+40%.
(2) compared with other areas, the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in the surface water of Beijing city is higher (5.47+0.27ng/L), and the degree of pollution belongs to the level of moderate pollution. It is found that the concentration of total organochlorine pesticides in Yuyuan pool is higher than that of Huihe River, and the highest content is in the outlet of Yuyuan pool, and the lowest content is at the inlet of the water inlet. HCHs is the most important one of the 21 kinds of organochlorine pesticides monitored. In HCHs, beta -HCH is the main pollutant; the HCHs in this area is mainly from pesticide residues after a long time degradation; other organochlorine pesticides are not detected in history with little use of these insecticides.
(3) the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls in the surface water of Beijing city is high (50.19+0.10ng/L), and the pollution level belongs to the level of moderate pollution. Among them, the content of PCBs in Tonghui river is higher than that of Yuyuan Tan. The pollution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the surface water of Beijing city is mainly low chlorine, especially in the three chlorinated biphenyl, which is the most serious in the history of China. The production and use of polychlorinated biphenyls are consistent. Among them, Jianguomen water samples collected from commercial areas have the highest concentration of PCBs and the lowest in the Yuyuan Lake outlet.
(4) the concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the surface water of Beijing city is low (13.62+0.26ng/L), and the degree of pollution belongs to the lower level. Among them, the content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in yuyunan is the main pollutant in the surface water of Beijing City, and the main cause is: (1) ten brominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) has low volatility, The high logKow value and the stable characteristics in the environment; (2) the high content of BDE-209 is related to the long term production and use of the flame retardant containing this kind of substance in our country.
(5) the concentration of polychlorinated naphthalene in the surface water of Beijing city is low (6.15+0.42ng/L), and the pollution degree belongs to the lower level. Among them, the concentration of polychlorin in Yuyuan lake is higher than that of 1,3,5,7-CNs (CN-42) in the high.PCNs of Huhe River higher than that of 1,3,5,7-CNs (CN-42). The concentration of polychlorinated naphthalene in the Tongzhou section of tonghuhe River (around a large number of factories and residents) is the highest. The concentration of 8 (a number of restaurants and a large number of residents around) is the highest in the pool. The main reasons are: (1) polychlorinated naphthalene is produced as a byproduct during combustion of coal and other fuels, and enters into the water environment through atmospheric deposition; and more industrial products containing polychlorinated naphthalene, such as capacitor media and preservatives, are used. Wait.
【學位授予單位】：成都理工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：X832

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