本文選題：印度 + 哈里發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)��； 參考：《西北大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：17世紀(jì)開始,奧斯曼帝國(guó)逐漸衰落,象征伊斯蘭正統(tǒng)權(quán)威的哈里發(fā)逐漸失去政治權(quán)力。一戰(zhàn)后,奧斯曼帝國(guó)面臨著以英國(guó)為首的西方的國(guó)家瓜分,奧斯曼哈里發(fā)作為帝國(guó)統(tǒng)治者,其地位和廢存問(wèn)題成為世界穆斯林關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。其中,表現(xiàn)最為突出的當(dāng)屬印度穆斯林,他們對(duì)奧斯曼哈里發(fā)傾注了獨(dú)特的感情。英國(guó)在印度建立殖民統(tǒng)治后,極力扶植占人口多數(shù)的印度教徒,穆斯林的少數(shù)派利益都得不到重視,政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和教育等方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于印度教徒,在印度社會(huì)中遭遇邊緣化危機(jī)。在這種境遇下,穆斯林精英試圖通過(guò)建立教育改革組織,參與印度政治,改變被動(dòng)的地位。但是,作為印度社會(huì)的少數(shù)群體,穆斯林在政治選舉中并不占優(yōu)勢(shì)。鑒于此,他們?cè)噲D回避人數(shù)上的劣勢(shì),尋找一個(gè)能和印度教徒形成平等競(jìng)爭(zhēng),分配政治權(quán)利的依托。此時(shí),隨著對(duì)奧斯曼哈里發(fā)命運(yùn)的關(guān)注和同情,泛伊斯蘭主義出現(xiàn)在印度穆斯林的視野之中。其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者認(rèn)為,強(qiáng)調(diào)穆斯林的宗教性更能突出其在文化和政治方面的優(yōu)勢(shì),并且能最大限度地團(tuán)結(jié)穆斯林民眾。一戰(zhàn)后,印度民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)呼聲漸起,印度穆斯林精英審時(shí)度勢(shì),抓住奧斯曼哈里發(fā)問(wèn)題號(hào)召民眾的支持。他們聯(lián)合印度教徒以保衛(wèi)奧斯曼哈里發(fā)為旗幟,采用非暴力不合作的斗爭(zhēng)方式,發(fā)動(dòng)了哈里發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng),試圖在保護(hù)奧斯曼哈里發(fā)的旗號(hào)下獲得參與印度政治的契機(jī)。該運(yùn)動(dòng)以1919年哈里發(fā)委員會(huì)成立為開端,以1924年凱末爾廢除哈里發(fā)制度為尾聲。歷經(jīng)了醞釀、興起、高潮和衰落四個(gè)階段,在印度民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)中扮演了重要的角色。在整個(gè)過(guò)程中,印度穆斯林充當(dāng)了印度民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)的先鋒,在國(guó)大黨還在為是否采用甘地的不合作斗爭(zhēng)策略猶豫不決的時(shí)候,他們接受并首次踐行了非暴力運(yùn)動(dòng)的理念。印度穆斯林為哈里發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)付出了巨大的代價(jià),但是結(jié)果并不如意。隨著土耳其共和國(guó)的成立,凱末爾政府進(jìn)行了世俗化改革,奧斯曼哈里發(fā)制度遭到廢除,印度穆斯林保衛(wèi)奧斯曼哈里發(fā)的口號(hào)落空,反殖民目標(biāo)也隨之失敗。雖然如此,哈里發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)于印度社會(huì)和穆斯林群體而言都是一筆寶貴的財(cái)富。該運(yùn)動(dòng)中,印度穆斯林對(duì)伊斯蘭文化的認(rèn)同得到進(jìn)一步提升。他們?cè)跔?zhēng)取自身政治權(quán)利的同時(shí),與國(guó)內(nèi)的印度教徒形成了較好的合作,并與土耳其和阿富汗穆斯林取得了聯(lián)系,推動(dòng)了印度、土耳其以及阿富汗民族獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展。此外,印度穆斯林的組織能力在運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)踐中得到了鍛煉,他們的政治視野和思想認(rèn)識(shí)也獲得巨大的變化,由對(duì)英國(guó)的盲目效忠轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榕e起穆斯林民族主義的大旗,為巴基斯坦獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)的形成作了良好的鋪墊。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the 17 th century, the Ottoman Empire declined and the caliphate, a symbol of Islamic orthodoxy, gradually lost political power. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire faced the partition of the western countries led by Britain. As the ruler of the Empire, Ottoman caliphate became the focus of attention of Muslims in the world. Among them, the most outstanding performance is the Indian Muslim, they pour the unique affection to the Ottoman caliphate. After Britain established colonial rule in India, it tried to foster the majority of the population of Hindus. The minority interests of Muslims were ignored, and the political, economic, cultural and educational aspects lagged far behind the Hindus. A crisis of marginalization in Indian society. In this context, the Muslim elite tried to change its passive position by setting up educational reform organizations, participating in Indian politics. But as a minority in Indian society, Muslims are not dominant in political elections. In view of this, they try to avoid the disadvantage of numbers and seek a basis for equal competition with Hindus and distribution of political rights. At this time, with the concern and sympathy for the fate of Ottoman caliphate, pan-Islamism appeared in the vision of Indian Muslims. Its leaders believe that an emphasis on the religious character of Muslims highlights their cultural and political strengths and maximizes the unity of the Muslim population. After World War I, calls for the Indian National Liberation Movement began to rise, and India's Muslim elite judged the situation and seized on the issue of Ottoman caliphate to call for public support. They United Hindus to defend the Ottoman caliphate as the banner, using non-violent non-cooperative struggle, launched the caliphate movement, trying to protect the Ottoman caliphate under the banner of participation in Indian politics opportunities. The movement began with the establishment of the caliphate Council in 1919 and ended with the abolition of the caliphate by Kemal in 1924. After four stages of brewing, rising, climax and decline, they played an important role in the Indian National Liberation Movement. In the process, India's Muslims spearheaded India's national liberation movement, accepting and practicing the idea of nonviolence for the first time while the Congress party hesitated over Gandhi's uncooperative struggle strategy. India's Muslims paid a heavy price for the caliphate, but the results were not satisfactory. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the Kemal government carried out secularization reform, the Ottoman caliphate system was abolished, the slogan of Indian Muslims defending the Ottoman caliphate was defeated, and the anti-colonial goal also failed. Nevertheless, the caliphate movement is a valuable asset for both Indian society and the Muslim community. In the movement, the identity of Indian Muslims towards Islamic culture was further enhanced. While fighting for their own political rights, they have developed better cooperation with Hindus in their own countries, and have made contacts with Muslims in Turkey and Afghanistan, promoting the development of national independence movements in India, Turkey and Afghanistan. In addition, the organizing ability of Indian Muslims has been trained in the practice of the movement, and their political vision and ideological understanding have also been greatly changed, from blind allegiance to Britain to raising the banner of Muslim nationalism. For the formation of Pakistan's independence movement made a good cushion.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K351.43
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本文編號(hào)：1989578