本文選題：中國(guó)企業(yè) + 走出去��； 參考：《中共中央黨�！�2014年博士論文

【摘要】：在國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的推動(dòng)下，跨國(guó)公司日益成為重要的國(guó)際行為體之一。一個(gè)國(guó)家全球知名跨國(guó)公司的多少也成為綜合國(guó)力的重要象征之一。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來，中國(guó)政府正在迅速適應(yīng)世界潮流，不僅繼續(xù)重視吸引國(guó)外直接投資，也越來越重視和鼓勵(lì)中國(guó)企業(yè)的對(duì)外投資。 2001年12月11日中國(guó)正式加入世界貿(mào)易組織，此后，中國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易迅速增長(zhǎng)，伴隨著中國(guó)產(chǎn)品迅速走向世界，中國(guó)企業(yè)也在加速進(jìn)入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的浪潮。2003年10月，黨的十六屆三中全會(huì)通過了《關(guān)于完善社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的若干重大問題的決定》，指出：“繼續(xù)實(shí)施‘走出去’戰(zhàn)略是建成完善的社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和更具活力、更加開放的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的戰(zhàn)略部署”。胡錦濤主席在黨的十七大、十八大報(bào)告中明確指出：“把‘引進(jìn)來’和‘走出去’更好的結(jié)合起來�！薄凹涌熳叱鋈ゲ椒�，增強(qiáng)企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)能力，培育一批世界水平跨國(guó)公司”。 由于中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期實(shí)行社會(huì)主義計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)，國(guó)有企業(yè)得到長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力較強(qiáng)，民營(yíng)企業(yè)則經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力較弱，并且和西方的眾多知名跨國(guó)公司動(dòng)則上百年的海外經(jīng)營(yíng)相比，中國(guó)企業(yè)成立的時(shí)間相對(duì)較晚，走向海外的歷史則更是短暫。首先“走出去”的中國(guó)企業(yè)大多都是國(guó)有企業(yè)，在論述中國(guó)企業(yè)海外發(fā)展所取得的成就時(shí)大多列舉的是國(guó)有企業(yè)。眾所周知，中國(guó)國(guó)有企業(yè)的海外發(fā)展過程中，受到中國(guó)政府的大力支持，更多的是購買國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略性資源，并不是純粹的企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。例如：中石油和中石化近年來在海外大舉收購海外油氣資源，不僅僅是企業(yè)在最求利潤(rùn)最大化，也在某種程度上是為了保障中國(guó)的能源安全。 民營(yíng)企業(yè)對(duì)外投資占我國(guó)對(duì)外直接投資存量的比例非常小。我國(guó)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的性質(zhì)要求國(guó)有企業(yè)和民營(yíng)企業(yè)在對(duì)外直接投資要均衡發(fā)展，國(guó)有企業(yè)對(duì)外直接投資總量的比例過高，以及民營(yíng)企業(yè)對(duì)外直接投資總量的比例過低都是不合理的。民營(yíng)企業(yè)對(duì)外投資的規(guī)模太小，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看不利于中國(guó)對(duì)外直接投資的良性發(fā)展。 在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中求生存，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中促發(fā)展，是每一個(gè)企業(yè)發(fā)展的必由之路。但是，根據(jù)筆者六年多以來的親身經(jīng)歷，中國(guó)企業(yè)在對(duì)外直接投資過程中頻頻出現(xiàn)惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，已經(jīng)成為中國(guó)企業(yè)海外發(fā)展的“惡性腫瘤”，既損害了企業(yè)自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，也損害了中國(guó)企業(yè)的整體形象。當(dāng)某國(guó)成為國(guó)際直接投資熱點(diǎn)、而我國(guó)最先進(jìn)入該國(guó)的企業(yè)能夠得到較好的收益時(shí)，常常出現(xiàn)國(guó)內(nèi)一批企業(yè)蜂擁而至的現(xiàn)象，在獲取投資項(xiàng)目的過程中甚至出現(xiàn)了相互拆臺(tái)、自相殘殺的情況，使東道國(guó)政府或其企業(yè)坐收漁利。許多國(guó)家在國(guó)際工程承包的招標(biāo)中故意爭(zhēng)取兩家、甚至多家中國(guó)公司同時(shí)投標(biāo)，往往引發(fā)中國(guó)企業(yè)進(jìn)行血拼。其結(jié)果就是中國(guó)公司中標(biāo)以后，由于合同價(jià)格過低而面臨種種困難，甚至導(dǎo)致項(xiàng)目的失敗。 日本和韓國(guó)企業(yè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)值得重視。因?yàn)樗鼈兿嘈�，即便是本�?guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手在海外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的失敗，也是自身的失敗，因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)國(guó)家民族產(chǎn)業(yè)的失敗。這是一種成熟市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境下企業(yè)良好心態(tài)的體現(xiàn)，很值得中國(guó)企業(yè)效法。在中國(guó)企業(yè)整體實(shí)力和品牌影響力還遠(yuǎn)落后西方企業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀下，任何一個(gè)企業(yè)所代表的都是中國(guó)企業(yè)的整體品牌，需要中國(guó)企業(yè)共同維護(hù)。同時(shí)，國(guó)家相關(guān)政府部門和行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)應(yīng)盡快在充分調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧苊庵袊?guó)企業(yè)在海外的惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 隨著新興市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家的迅速發(fā)展以及歐洲和美國(guó)陷入金融危機(jī)，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)重心東移趨勢(shì)明顯，以中國(guó)為代表的新興市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家在國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)格局中的地位不斷提高。中國(guó)企業(yè)經(jīng)過改革開放三十多年的迅速發(fā)展和現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度的建立，具備了對(duì)外投資的資本和科技實(shí)力；隨著中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和勞動(dòng)力成本的迅速提高，中國(guó)企業(yè)產(chǎn)生了對(duì)外投資的強(qiáng)烈愿望；而西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家金融危機(jī)的不斷加深，又急需中國(guó)的資金幫助西方世界擺脫經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的困境；發(fā)展中國(guó)家發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)急需的資金由于西方資本的撤出而陷入困境，中國(guó)不帶任何政治條件的投資日益受到熱烈歡迎。有利的國(guó)內(nèi)外環(huán)境是中國(guó)對(duì)外直接投資迅速增長(zhǎng)的主要原因。 本文提到的中國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)外直接投資過程中面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)都是相對(duì)的。如果中國(guó)企業(yè)能夠吸取西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家企業(yè)、其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家企業(yè)以及中國(guó)企業(yè)自身對(duì)外直接投資過程中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，中國(guó)企業(yè)就能把海外發(fā)展面臨的挑戰(zhàn)轉(zhuǎn)變成機(jī)遇。同樣，如果中國(guó)企業(yè)不能吸取其他國(guó)內(nèi)外企業(yè)海外發(fā)展過程中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，機(jī)遇也將不復(fù)存在，中國(guó)企業(yè)的海外發(fā)展之路也將充滿荊棘。 我們有理由相信，在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)下，國(guó)有大型企業(yè)將繼續(xù)積極進(jìn)行海外投資，中小企業(yè)也將紛紛加入海外投資的浪潮。隨著越來越多中國(guó)企業(yè)走向世界，，中國(guó)最終將實(shí)現(xiàn)從“世界工廠”的生產(chǎn)大國(guó)向制造業(yè)超級(jí)大國(guó)和“世界市場(chǎng)”的轉(zhuǎn)化，即實(shí)現(xiàn)從粗放工業(yè)模式向創(chuàng)新的后工業(yè)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變。屆時(shí)中國(guó)這個(gè)全球商品生產(chǎn)國(guó)、技術(shù)進(jìn)口國(guó)將轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾录夹g(shù)輸出國(guó)和商品進(jìn)口國(guó)。
[Abstract]:With the promotion of international economic globalization , transnational corporations have become one of the most important international actors . How much of a well - known transnational corporation in a country has become one of the most important symbols of the comprehensive national strength . Since entering the new century , the Chinese government is rapidly adapting to the world trend . It will not only continue to attach great importance to attracting foreign direct investment , but also pay more attention to and encourage the foreign investment of Chinese enterprises .

On December 11 , 2001 , China officially joined the World Trade Organization . Since then , China ' s foreign trade has grown rapidly , accompanied by the rapid growth of China ' s products , and China ' s enterprises are accelerating the tide of the globalization of the world economy . In October 2003 , the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted Deng Xiaoping ' s decision on the improvement of the socialist market economy system .

Because of the long - term socialist planned economy in China , the state - owned enterprises have been developed in a long term , the economic strength is stronger , the private enterprises have weak economic strength , and the history of the Chinese enterprises is short .

The external investment of private enterprises accounts for a very small proportion of our country ' s external direct investment . The nature of our socialist market economy requires state - owned enterprises and private enterprises to make a balanced development in foreign direct investment . The proportion of the total amount of foreign direct investment of state - owned enterprises is too low , and the proportion of private enterprises to the total amount of foreign direct investment is too low . The scale of private enterprises ' foreign investment is too small , which is not conducive to the benign development of China ' s foreign direct investment in the long run .

However , according to the experience of the author ' s own experience , Chinese enterprises have become " malignant tumors " in the process of foreign direct investment , which has become the " malignant tumor " of Chinese enterprises overseas .

The experience of Japanese and Korean companies is worthy of attention because they believe that even the failure of their competitors to compete abroad is a failure of their own national industry . This is an embodiment of the enterprise ' s good mentality in a mature market competition environment , and it is worth the Chinese enterprise ' s effect . At the same time , any enterprise represents the whole brand of Chinese enterprises and needs joint maintenance of Chinese enterprises . At the same time , relevant government departments and trade associations should take appropriate measures on the basis of full investigation as soon as possible , so as to avoid the vicious competition of Chinese enterprises abroad .

With the rapid development of the emerging market economy countries and the financial crisis in Europe and the United States , the trend of the world economic center of gravity is obvious , the status of the emerging market economy countries represented by China in the international political and economic structure has been improved . The Chinese enterprises have the capital and technology strength of foreign investment after more than 30 years of reform and opening up and the establishment of modern enterprise system .
With the adjustment of China ' s industrial structure and the rapid increase of labor cost , Chinese enterprises have strong desire to invest abroad ;
The deepening of the financial crisis in the developed countries and the urgent need for China ' s capital to help the West get rid of the difficult economic development ;
With the withdrawal of western capital , the capital needed by the developing countries to develop the economy is in trouble . Investment in China without any political conditions is warmly welcomed . The favorable domestic and foreign environment is the main reason for the rapid growth of China ' s foreign direct investment .

The opportunities and challenges that Chinese enterprises face in the process of foreign direct investment are relative . If Chinese enterprises can absorb the experiences and lessons of western developed country enterprises , other developing country enterprises and Chinese enterprises themselves , Chinese enterprises can transform the challenges facing overseas development into opportunities . Similarly , if Chinese enterprises can not absorb the experiences and lessons from overseas development processes at home and abroad , opportunities will not exist , and the road of overseas development of Chinese enterprises will also be full of thorns .

We have reason to believe that , with the rapid development of China ' s economy , large - sized enterprises will continue to be actively engaged in overseas investment . Small and medium - sized enterprises will also join in the wave of overseas investment . As more and more Chinese enterprises go to the world , China will eventually realize the transformation from the " world factory " to the transformation of manufacturing superpowers and " world markets " , that is , to realize the transformation from the gross industrial model to the post - innovation industrial pattern of innovation . At that time , China ' s global commodity production country , technology importing country will change to the new technology exporting country and the commodity importing country .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F832.6;F279.2

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