本文選題：衛(wèi)所制度 + 明清時(shí)代�。� 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：中國西南邊疆地區(qū),是歷代中央王朝經(jīng)營的重點(diǎn)區(qū)域之一,尤其是明清兩朝,不但傾力開拓西南,而且也注重推動西南政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的發(fā)展。在此歷史背景之下,貴州不僅從“無”到“有”,且取得了長足發(fā)展。與其他區(qū)域有別的是,明清以來貴州社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)步,基本上是在王朝制度的強(qiáng)力推行下而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。貴州能稱之為一個(gè)地區(qū),亦需從其成為一個(gè)省級建置開始說起,而貴州都司的設(shè)置,正是貴州地方行政區(qū)劃得以形成的基礎(chǔ)。明代衛(wèi)所制度的推行及其變革,是引發(fā)貴州逐漸形成一個(gè)特色鮮明的地域社會的重要因素。本文重點(diǎn)從明代衛(wèi)所制度推行及其變動下的政區(qū)、城鎮(zhèn)、文化區(qū)域以及人群移動與民族分布等方面,論述貴州地域社會在明清時(shí)期逐步形成的歷史過程。明初在貴州廣置衛(wèi)所,貴州大部分疆土被納入明王朝直接管理之下,衛(wèi)所成為管理疆土的主要機(jī)構(gòu)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,永樂十一年設(shè)置貴州省,從此結(jié)束了以羈縻統(tǒng)治為主流的歷史,取而代之者,是衛(wèi)所與州縣兩套疆域管理系統(tǒng)并行的經(jīng)營模式,其中又以衛(wèi)所為主,直至清初衛(wèi)所徹底郡縣化之后,這一局面才得以徹底改變。然值得注意的是,衛(wèi)所從明初落地貴州開始,即明顯帶有因地制宜的變通性,換言之,就是衛(wèi)所具備著可調(diào)整性。具體而言,是一些衛(wèi)所在經(jīng)營貴州的過程中,出于地方具體實(shí)際與需要而改置為軍民衛(wèi)所,這一轉(zhuǎn)變,從制度上給予了衛(wèi)所管“軍”又管“民”的權(quán)力,使其成為名副其實(shí)的“軍管型政區(qū)”,迨其“熟化”到一定程度之時(shí),這些軍民衛(wèi)所逐漸以分割轄地而設(shè)置州縣的方式,步入了郡縣化的歷程,時(shí)至晚明,貴州的軍民衛(wèi)基本完成了這一過程。而清初大規(guī)模裁撤衛(wèi)所,以之設(shè)置或歸并州縣,貴州府、州、縣三級地方政區(qū)管理系統(tǒng)配套基本完成,至雍正時(shí)期,湖廣都司繡錯(cuò)于黔東南一線的衛(wèi)所裁撤完畢,設(shè)置新縣,進(jìn)而調(diào)整省界,貴州地方政區(qū)格局藉此得以最終形成。明代衛(wèi)所制度的推行,伴隨著衛(wèi)所城的筑建,城對于地域社會來說,無疑具有重要的整合作用,它不僅是一個(gè)地區(qū)繁榮的表現(xiàn),也是社會文明進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志之一。明代之前的貴州,除了一些寨堡之外,并無城可言。衛(wèi)所城的大規(guī)模修建,由于其具有鮮明的軍事功能,城墻高聳,成為名副其實(shí)的城,這與一般由商而興的城市,是有區(qū)別的。然而,貴州少數(shù)民族眾多,社會變亂頻發(fā),衛(wèi)所護(hù)衛(wèi)州縣的職責(zé)極為繁重,為應(yīng)對這一問題,府、州、縣寄寓于衛(wèi)城,形成了“州衛(wèi)同城”的特殊現(xiàn)象,這使以軍事功能為主的衛(wèi)所城,也具備了州縣城的功能。更為重要的是,隨著衛(wèi)所軍戶移民的持續(xù)遷入,外來人口逐漸增多,他們聚居于衛(wèi)所城的周圍,從事社會生產(chǎn)或商業(yè)活動,使衛(wèi)所城逐漸又具備了商業(yè)職能。于是,衛(wèi)所城逐漸發(fā)展成為集軍事、政治、商業(yè)、文化中心為一體的城市,亦因如此,當(dāng)日后裁撤衛(wèi)所設(shè)置州縣或歸并州縣之時(shí),這些衛(wèi)所城直接轉(zhuǎn)換成了州縣城,由此構(gòu)成了日后貴州城市的基礎(chǔ)。此外,在衛(wèi)所城墻之外,還修筑了大量的關(guān)隘、鋪、堡、屯、寨等軍事防御堡壘,其在歷史演變過程中,成為集鎮(zhèn)的前身。這些衛(wèi)所城與城墻之外的堡壘一道,逐漸形成了貴州地域社會中的城鎮(zhèn)體系。而值得注意的是,由于貴州衛(wèi)所城“一線路”上的分布特點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致了貴州城鎮(zhèn)亦呈出分布交通線上的特點(diǎn)。這種特點(diǎn)雖然不利于貴州地域社會的全面發(fā)展,遠(yuǎn)離交通線的地區(qū),城鎮(zhèn)分布稀少,社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展較為落后,但亦正因這樣的分布特點(diǎn),型構(gòu)出了貴州內(nèi)部的文化多樣性、經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的豐富性和民族社會結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性的地域特色。學(xué)校教育是明代統(tǒng)治社會的重要工具之一,其與道理、政教、人才培育及正風(fēng)俗,均有重要關(guān)系。基于這樣的認(rèn)識,有明一代,陸續(xù)地修建各類名稱不一的學(xué)校,以達(dá)“善治”天下的目標(biāo)。貴州“遍地皆夷”,是少數(shù)民族最為集中的聚居區(qū)之一,學(xué)校教育成為明王朝治黔的重要方略之一,藉此實(shí)施教化,變左衽而右衽,亦成為宦黔士人的政治理想之一。然明代貴州的學(xué)校,衛(wèi)學(xué)數(shù)量多達(dá)22所,成為全國最多為衛(wèi)學(xué)的地區(qū),在貴州教育史上,扮演著極為重要的角色。由于其教育的對象,多為衛(wèi)所移民子弟,這些文化程度相對較高衛(wèi)籍人員,在科舉競爭中占有明顯的優(yōu)勢。由此而產(chǎn)生的區(qū)域差異,表現(xiàn)為遠(yuǎn)離衛(wèi)所的少數(shù)民族地區(qū),仍然是文化教育上的“沙漠地區(qū)”。因此,雖然明王朝在貴州設(shè)置了各類學(xué)校,其意雖善,用力亦勤,但由于各類學(xué)校的教育對象并不盡同,其效果亦不能一概而論,由此導(dǎo)致的地區(qū)差異與人群所受教育的多寡,直接影響到文化核心區(qū)與不同風(fēng)俗區(qū)的逐漸形成。明代衛(wèi)所制度而引發(fā)的人群移動,對地域社會的塑造影響最大,地域社會的形成,“人”的活動顯然極為重要。明代以前的貴州,可謂“異域”,但其具體情形,因史料匱乏,大抵留給人們的印象只是一個(gè)處于羈縻統(tǒng)治而少數(shù)民族眾多的社會。而明代衛(wèi)所制度的推行,衛(wèi)所移民連續(xù)性地不斷遷入,不僅改變了當(dāng)?shù)氐娜丝诮Y(jié)構(gòu),而且成為貴州多元文化形成的重要因素。這些來自全國各地的軍戶,分布在衛(wèi)所里,不僅肩負(fù)著戍衛(wèi)著邊疆的重任,而且也從事著各類社會生產(chǎn)活動。在歷史的演變進(jìn)程中,這些衛(wèi)所官軍后裔大致有兩大去向:一是世代聚居在衛(wèi)所駐地,堅(jiān)守著漢人的身份與文化傳統(tǒng),形成了點(diǎn)狀分布的“屯堡”村落。二是隨著軍戶人口的增長,衛(wèi)所有限的轄地并未能養(yǎng)活越來越多的人們,于是,衛(wèi)所之中未能襲替武官的軍余與舍丁等群體,為了拓展生存空間,他們通過不同的方式深入到少數(shù)民族地區(qū)之中,與其他人群一道,型塑出了形態(tài)不一的村落社會。這些村落,雖然在后世的民族識別中被認(rèn)定為少數(shù)民族村寨(如苗寨或侗寨等),但“漢”的因素極多,許多村落帶有明顯的衛(wèi)所痕跡,呈現(xiàn)出“亦漢亦苗”或“亦苗亦漢”的文化景觀。綜上,本文的結(jié)論是:明清時(shí)期貴州地域社會的形成,與明代衛(wèi)所制度有直接和緊密的聯(lián)系,正是衛(wèi)所制度的推行及其變動,造就了貴州文化多元并存的基礎(chǔ)。實(shí)土衛(wèi)所逐漸向州縣系統(tǒng)演進(jìn);衛(wèi)所城址逐漸由軍事功能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧婢哒�、文化、�?jīng)濟(jì)、教育中心的城鎮(zhèn);衛(wèi)學(xué)教育開啟民智,推行教化,逐漸形成了貴州的文化區(qū)域中心,并加速了風(fēng)俗分區(qū)的形成;衛(wèi)所移民的持續(xù)遷入而逐漸形成的軍戶群體,在歷史變遷的長河中,他們不僅衛(wèi)戍邊疆,而且與少數(shù)民族人群一道,逐漸開拓出了貴州地域社會中的多樣性景觀,漢文化、少數(shù)民族文化相互交融,在明清時(shí)期形成了“你中有我,我中有你”的多民族共生的多元文化形態(tài)。
[Abstract]:The southwest border area of China is one of the key areas of the central dynasties, especially the two dynasties of Ming and Qing Dynasties, not only to open up the southwest, but also to promote the development of the southwest politics, economy and culture. Under this historical background, Guizhou not only from "no" to "there", but also made great progress. There are other areas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The progress of Guizhou's social and economic development has been basically realized under the powerful implementation of the dynasty system. Guizhou can call it a region, and it should begin with its establishment as a provincial level. And the establishment of the Guizhou metropolitan department is the basis for the formation of the local administrative division in Guizhou. The implementation of the system of the Ming Dynasty and its reform is caused by the reform of the system of the Ming Dynasty. Guizhou has gradually formed an important factor in a distinctive regional society. This article focuses on the historical process of the gradual formation of Guizhou regional society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the implementation of the system of the Ming Dynasty and its changing areas, cities and towns, cultural areas, and the distribution of people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the early Ming Dynasty, Guizhou was in Guizhou and Guizhou. Part of the territory was brought under the direct management of the Ming Dynasty, which was the main organization to manage the territory. On this basis, Yongle was set up in Guizhou province for eleven years. From then on, it ended the history of taking the rule as the mainstream, and was replaced by the parallel operation mode of the two sets of territory management system of Wei Institute and state county. After the complete county and county of the first Wei, this situation has been completely changed. But it is worth noting that, from the beginning of Guizhou in the early Ming Dynasty, it is obvious that it has the adaptability to local conditions. In other words, it is the adjustability of the guard. In particular, it is in the process of running Guizhou, where some guards are located, out of local specific realities and needs. This change has given the power of the "army" and "the people" from the system, and makes it a "military management area". When it is "familiar" to a certain extent, the military and people are gradually setting up state and county ways by dividing their jurisdiction and entering the course of the county and county, and to the late Ming Dynasty, Guizhou At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the large-scale dismantling of the guards in the early Qing Dynasty set up or returned to the three levels of the local administrative district management system of Guizhou Prefecture, state and county, and to the Yong Zheng period, the Huguang department, which was embroidered in the front line of Qiandongnan, completed the dismantling of the Xinxian County, and then adjusted the provincial border, and the local administrative district pattern in Guizhou. The implementation of the system in the Ming Dynasty, accompanied by the construction of the city of Wei, is undoubtedly an important integration for the regional society. It is not only a manifestation of the prosperity of the region, but also one of the symbols of the progress of social civilization. Before the Ming Dynasty, there was no City in Guizhou, except for some fortress. Scale construction, because of its distinctive military function, the city wall towering, become a real city, which is different from the city which is generally commercial and flourished. However, Guizhou has a large number of ethnic minorities, the social disorder is frequent, the responsibility of the guard state county is extremely heavy, for this problem, the government, state, county, is in the Acropolis, forming the "state guard" The special phenomenon of the city, which makes the city with the main military function, also has the function of the state and county city, and more importantly, with the continuous migration of the immigration of the Wei house, the population is gradually increasing, they are living around the city of Wei, engaged in social production or commercial activity, and gradually have the commercial function of the city. The city has gradually developed into a city of military, political, commercial, and cultural centers. In this way, the city was directly converted into a state county, which was the basis of the Guizhou city in the future. In addition, a large number of pass, paved, and burger were built outside the walls of the city. The fortress of military defense, such as Tuen and Zhai, has become the precursor of the town in the course of its historical evolution. The city and the fortress outside the walls of the city have gradually formed the urban system in Guizhou's regional society. It is worth noting that the distribution of Guizhou towns is also distributed as a result of the distribution characteristics of the "one line" on the "one line" of the Guizhou Wei city. Although this characteristic is not conducive to the overall development of Guizhou's regional society, the areas far from the traffic line, the cities and towns are scarce and the social and economic development is relatively backward, but it is also due to the characteristics of such distribution, which forms the regional characteristics of Guizhou's internal cultural diversity, the richness of the economic model and the complexity of the national social structure. School education is one of the important tools for the rule of society in the Ming Dynasty. It has an important relationship with truth, politics, education, talent cultivation and customs. Based on this understanding, there are a generation of schools that have built various kinds of names in succession to achieve the goal of "good governance" in the world. Guizhou is "everywhere" and is the most concentrated area of ethnic minorities. First, school education has become one of the important strategies for the Ming Dynasty to govern the Guizhou Province. This is one of the political ideals of the officials of the officials of the officials of the officials of the eunuch. However, the schools in Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty, with a number of up to 22, became the most important areas in the country and played a very important role in the history of education in Guizhou. Most of them are the immigrant children of Wei, which have a relatively high level of cultural degree in the imperial examination and occupy a distinct advantage in the competition of the imperial examination. The resulting regional differences are shown as a "desert area" in cultural education, which is still a "desert area" in cultural education. It is good and diligent, but because the educational objects of various schools are not the same, their effects can not be generalized. The result of the regional differences and the number of people's education has a direct impact on the gradual formation of the cultural core areas and different customs areas. In the formation of regional society, the activities of "people" are obviously very important. The Guizhou before the Ming Dynasty is a "foreign land", but its specific situation, due to the lack of historical materials, is only left to the impression of a society with many ethnic minorities. Change the local population structure, and become an important factor in the formation of Guizhou's multiculturalism. These military households from all over the country, distributed in the Wei house, not only shoulder the responsibility of defending the frontier, but also engaged in various kinds of social production activities. In the process of historical evolution, the descendants of these officers and officers have roughly two directions: first, For generations to live in the garrison and stick to the identity and cultural tradition of the Han people, the village of "Tuen Bao" was formed. Two, with the increase of the population of the military household, the limited jurisdiction of the Wei and more and more people had not been raised. In different ways, it goes deep into the minority areas, and with the other groups, the form of a different village society. These villages are identified as minority villages (such as the Miao village or the Dong Village) in the later generations, but the factors of "Han" are extremely many, many villages have obvious traces of guard, showing that " The conclusion of this article is: the formation of Guizhou regional society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the direct and close connection with the system of the Ming Dynasty, it is the implementation and change of the system of Wei Dynasty, which has brought up the basis of the multicultural and coexistence of Guizhou culture. The site is gradually transformed from military function into a town with political, cultural, economic, and educational centers. The education of civil science and education has gradually formed the cultural regional center of Guizhou and accelerated the formation of the Customs Division. Garrison frontier, and with ethnic minority groups, gradually opened up the diversity of the landscape of Guizhou regional society, Han culture, ethnic minority cultures blend each other, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the formation of a multi-ethnic multicultural form of "you have me, I have you" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K248
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本文編號：1833822