本文選題：俄國 + 基輔羅斯��； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：專制君主制是俄羅斯政治文明的核心,是理解俄國各階段歷史進(jìn)程的一把鑰匙。學(xué)界對其演變研究頗豐,但對其起源和形成追溯不足。本文力圖在文明史觀的視野下,將俄國專制君主制放入東方式的獨裁君主制和西歐式的絕對君主制的比較研究中,以新制度主義的制度生成、維系、變遷理論為指導(dǎo),探究俄國專制君主制作為一種獨特的歷史現(xiàn)象和政治制度是何時起源,為何產(chǎn)生和如何形成的,以期對俄國政治發(fā)展史獲得更為深刻的認(rèn)識。論文主體分為四個部分:第一部分,通過對基輔羅斯政治制度的歷史考察,批駁了伊凡四世提出的“俄國專制君主制古已有之”的觀點,為本文立論奠定基礎(chǔ)�；o羅斯是俄國歷史上建立的第一個以基輔為中心、以東斯拉夫人為主體的國家。從宏觀上看,9-10世紀(jì)的基輔羅斯是羅斯國家的形成期,11-13世紀(jì)初隨著國家的發(fā)展,城市的壯大而形成諸多城邦,城邦制是古羅斯邁入文明世界的方式。從微觀上看,通過利用古羅斯編年史等史料,關(guān)注古羅斯政治生活中的主要力量如王公、親兵、維徹,考察其社會構(gòu)成、職能和性質(zhì),基輔羅斯政治制度是多元化的非專制政治。第二部分剖析了俄國專制君主制何時以及緣何產(chǎn)生。在金帳汗國長達(dá)兩個半世紀(jì)桎梏的大背景下,通過描述羅斯各地政治力量博弈和競爭的動態(tài)進(jìn)程,探尋莫斯科政治模式取得勝利的多維度原因。金帳汗國的政治熏陶,拜占庭的東正教遺產(chǎn),政治經(jīng)濟(jì)中心轉(zhuǎn)移到東北羅斯以及莫斯科王公家族的個性與選擇,這些因素共同導(dǎo)致了俄國專制君主制的起源。第三部分闡釋了莫斯科羅斯專制君主制雛形的權(quán)力架構(gòu)。細(xì)致考察了橫向權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)如大公和沙皇、波雅爾杜馬、縉紳會議、衙門體系等中央政權(quán)機構(gòu),縱向權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)如地方長官制度和食邑制、固巴管理和地方自治、軍政長官管理等地方管理體系。通過分析俄國的兩個所謂“等級代表機構(gòu)”——波雅爾杜馬、縉紳會議的社會構(gòu)成、職能和性質(zhì),它們與西歐等級代表機構(gòu)存在很大不同,莫斯科羅斯政治制度的實質(zhì)并未脫離專制君主制的范疇。伊凡四世的特轄制以暴力手段摧毀了國家政權(quán),并未在俄國建立起“絕對君主制”,不過,其統(tǒng)治時期的政治遺產(chǎn)為新王朝的建立提供了合法性基礎(chǔ)。第四部分論述了俄國專制君主制如何在新的時代背景下最終形成。將17世紀(jì)的歷史作為彼得一世改革的廣闊背景,通過揭示大動亂年代專制君主制遭遇的嚴(yán)重危機和出現(xiàn)的新政治現(xiàn)象,分析俄國為何依然選擇恢復(fù)和重建專制君主制的道路,又如何在傳統(tǒng)與革新之間徘徊前行。彼得一世堅定和強有力的西化改革看似將俄國帶入了與西歐相似的“絕對君主制”時代,實際不過是以“正規(guī)化國家”為依托,在新時代下將俄國長期以來君主權(quán)力的專制傳統(tǒng)最終以法律形式確定下來,使專制君主制最終定型。本文以政治文明和政治制度變遷為視角,打破學(xué)術(shù)界使用“早期封建君主制”、“等級代表君主制”和“絕對君主制”等西方術(shù)語研究俄國政治制度演變的套路,梳理了專制君主制作為俄國獨特歷史現(xiàn)象在一個長時期內(nèi)起源、雛形及定型的歷史過程和發(fā)展脈絡(luò),真正解決俄國政治制度“是誰”而非“像誰”的本質(zhì)問題,指出其歷史發(fā)展符合政治制度變遷的一般邏輯。從俄國自身的地緣政治和不同的歷史際遇分析專制君主制產(chǎn)生的原因,從而更準(zhǔn)確把握俄羅斯民族獨有的專制君主制的特點及其歷史作用,為深入理解俄國政治史和現(xiàn)實政治提供新的啟示。
[Abstract]:The autocratic monarchy is the core of Russian political civilization and a key to the understanding of the historical process of each stage of Russia. The academic circle has a great study on its evolution, but it traces its origin and formation. This article tries to put the autocratic monarchy into the dictatorial monarchy in the East and the absolute monarchy in the Western European style under the view of the historical view of civilization. In the comparative study, guided by the system of new institutionalism, maintenance and vicissitude, the author explores the origin of the Russian autocratic monarchy as a unique historical phenomenon and the political system, why and how it formed, in order to get a deeper understanding of the history of Russian political development. The main body of the thesis is divided into four parts: the first part According to the historical investigation of the political system of Ross in Kiev, it refutes the viewpoint that "the Russian autocratic monarchy has an ancient history" proposed by Ivan Ivan and laid the foundation for this article. Kiev Ross is the first country established in the history of Russia with Kiev as the center and the main body of Mrs. East ITA. From the macroscopic view, the 9-10 century Kiev Ross is the formation period of Ross country. In the early 11-13 century, with the development of the country and the expansion of the city, many city states were formed. The system of city states was the way ancient Ross entered the civilized world. From the microcosmic point of view, through the use of ancient Ross chronicles and other historical materials, the main forces in the political life of the ancient Ross, such as the Wang Gong, the family soldier, and the soul, were inspecting their social structure. Ross's political system in Kiev is a pluralistic and non autocratic politics. The second part analyses when and why the Russian autocratic monarchy is born. In the context of the shackles of the 2.5 century, the king of Khanate of Jin Dynasty, through the description of the dynamic process of the game and competition of political power throughout Ross, explores the political model of Moscow. The political edification of the khanate, the Eastern Orthodox heritage of the Byzantine Empire, the political and economic center to the northeastern Ross and the choice of the royal family in Moscow, which together led to the origin of the autocratic monarchy in Russia. The third part explained the power framework of the prototype of the autocratic monarchy of Moscow Ross. The central government institutions such as the grand public and the Czar, the Polish Duma, the gentry, the Yamen and other central authorities, the vertical power structure, such as the local governor system and the system of local government, the management of the local government and the local autonomy, the management of the military and political officers, are carefully examined. Through the analysis of the two so-called "rank representative agencies" in Russia - The social composition, function and nature of the conferences of the Poya Duma and the gentry were very different from those of the Western European hierarchy. The essence of the Ross political system in Moscow did not break out of the category of autocratic monarchy. The special jurisdiction of Ivan IV destroyed the state power by violent means, and did not establish "absolute monarchy" in Russia, but, The political heritage of the period of its rule provides a legal basis for the establishment of the new dynasty. The fourth part discusses how the Russian autocratic monarchy is finally formed under the new era background. The history of the seventeenth Century is the broad background of the reform of Peter Thi, and the serious crisis and new emergence of the monarchy in the era of great turmoil are revealed. The political phenomenon is to analyze why Russia still chooses to restore and rebuild the autocratic monarchy and how to move forward between tradition and innovation. Peter Thi's firm and strong westernization reform seems to bring Russia into the era of "absolute monarchy" similar to that of Western Europe, but in fact, it is based on the "regularized state", in a new way. The autocratic tradition of the long monarchy in Russia was finally determined in the form of law, and the autocratic monarchy was finally finalized. This article, taking the political and political system changes as the perspective, broke the academic circle to study Russian terms such as "the early feudal monarchy", "rank representative monarchy" and "absolute monarchy". The path of the evolution of the political system of the state has combed the historical process and development context of the autocratic monarchy as a Russian unique historical phenomenon in a long period of time, the embryonic form and the stereotype, and the real solution to the essence of the Russian political system "who is" rather than "like who", and points out that the development of the history of the Russian political system conforms to the general logic of the political system changes. Russia's own geopolitics and different historical circumstances analyze the causes of the autocratic monarchy, thus more accurately grasp the characteristics and historical role of the exclusive monarchy of the Russian nation, and provide a new inspiration for understanding the political and realistic politics of Russia.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D751.2
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本文編號：1809329