本文選題：環(huán)境保護(hù) + 政府��； 參考：《南京大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：環(huán)境保護(hù)不僅是人民群眾最關(guān)心、最現(xiàn)實(shí)、最直接的問題,也是政府經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型過程中面臨的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。保護(hù)自然資源和生態(tài)環(huán)境是政府社會(huì)職能的重要方面,政府應(yīng)采取各種手段,對(duì)由于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、人口膨脹等所造成的環(huán)境惡化、自然資源破壞進(jìn)行恢復(fù)、治理、監(jiān)督和控制,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。環(huán)境問題是世界各國(guó)政府在現(xiàn)代化文明進(jìn)程中面臨的共同問題,中、日、韓這三個(gè)東北亞地區(qū)主要國(guó)家,在解決國(guó)際重大問題方面發(fā)揮著日益重要的作用,一衣帶水的地緣特征和一脈相承的文化背景使得三國(guó)政府在環(huán)境保護(hù)議題上有相當(dāng)大的合作空間,日本和韓國(guó)政府在環(huán)境保護(hù)制度和措施方面有許多值得中國(guó)政府借鑒的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。日本在戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中,由于一味地追求經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng),曾經(jīng)一度成為世界上環(huán)境污染最嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家。70年代開始,日本政府為了應(yīng)對(duì)能源危機(jī)大力改革,采取了一系列相當(dāng)有效的政策措施,形成了清潔、高效的能源系統(tǒng),使得日本成為世界上能源利用效率最高的國(guó)家之一,并成為發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國(guó)家中環(huán)境治理較成功的國(guó)家。韓國(guó)則以1987年民主體制的形成為分水嶺,在1987年之前的20年間,韓國(guó)保持了非�？焖俚墓I(yè)發(fā)展,公眾和媒體很少關(guān)注環(huán)境問題,盡管韓國(guó)政府在這一時(shí)期出臺(tái)了許多新的環(huán)境法律以控制污染,但由于缺乏足夠的資源來實(shí)施和執(zhí)行,這些環(huán)保法律法規(guī)形同虛設(shè),收效甚微；而1987年韓國(guó)民主體制產(chǎn)生之后,環(huán)境問題逐漸開始真正受到重視,環(huán)境治理取得了一定成效。本文回顧了日韓兩國(guó)的環(huán)保歷程,比較了兩國(guó)在環(huán)保方面的制度建設(shè)和具體措施,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩國(guó)都經(jīng)歷了由“經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展至上主義”引發(fā)環(huán)境污染公害,從公民環(huán)保意識(shí)的覺醒再到政府大力發(fā)展循環(huán)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的過程。日韓兩國(guó)政府在環(huán)保過程中所發(fā)揮的作用又不盡相同,日本地方政府在推動(dòng)環(huán)保改革方面發(fā)揮了相當(dāng)重要的作用,甚至促使中央政府不斷完善環(huán)保法律,制定嚴(yán)格的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn),是“自下而上”的“對(duì)策反映”路線；韓國(guó)地方政府則沒有太多的自主權(quán),隨著民主化運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起,韓國(guó)環(huán)保組織和團(tuán)體開始在政府政策制定過程中發(fā)表意見和施加影響,并努力促成各種環(huán)境問題的解決,韓國(guó)中央政府方才開始接受韓國(guó)民間團(tuán)體和公眾對(duì)環(huán)境問題的監(jiān)督,將國(guó)民“環(huán)境權(quán)”寫入憲法,引入環(huán)境紛爭(zhēng)調(diào)整制度,保障國(guó)民基本權(quán)益,形成公民社會(huì)影響之下政府“自上而下”的嚴(yán)厲改革。中國(guó)是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì),伴隨中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境與資源問題進(jìn)一步凸顯,大范圍生態(tài)退化,復(fù)合性環(huán)境污染日益嚴(yán)重,資源全面緊張,中國(guó)政府近年來不斷完善環(huán)境基本法建設(shè),然而,中國(guó)的環(huán)境法律法規(guī)并未收到相應(yīng)的效果,仍在重蹈日、韓兩國(guó)工業(yè)化進(jìn)程中公害泛濫的覆轍。雖然中國(guó)在環(huán)保行政、環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)和技術(shù)方面實(shí)施了一些政策措施,但都缺乏力度,治標(biāo)不治本,仍然沒有有效避免發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家曾經(jīng)歷的“先污染后治理”的老路,環(huán)境形勢(shì)甚至更為嚴(yán)峻。實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境與發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)而艱苦的過程,面臨著一系列挑戰(zhàn)。本文將中國(guó)政府與日韓政府在環(huán)境保護(hù)方面所建立的制度和采取的措施進(jìn)行比較,從政府和市場(chǎng)之間的關(guān)系、政府對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整、地方政府發(fā)揮的作用、法律法規(guī)和訴訟制度、公民社會(huì)的參與程度等角度闡述了三國(guó)政府的不同做法,分析各國(guó)政府在履行生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)這一社會(huì)職能方面的有效做法和一些弊端,提出中國(guó)政府環(huán)境保護(hù)管理應(yīng)采取的對(duì)策,要加強(qiáng)以環(huán)境污染預(yù)防和常規(guī)生態(tài)保護(hù)為核心的環(huán)境管理,實(shí)施涵蓋政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、文化等各領(lǐng)域的一體化環(huán)境保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略措施,同時(shí)還應(yīng)積極推動(dòng)區(qū)域環(huán)保合作。中國(guó)政府面臨嚴(yán)峻的環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀,應(yīng)充分認(rèn)識(shí)到在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展成果之外,還有人類生存的可持續(xù)問題；在政府與市場(chǎng)之外,還有公民社會(huì)�？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展理念要求中國(guó)的制度建設(shè)要富有新意、對(duì)策措施要觸及根本。
[Abstract]:Environmental protection is not only the most concerned, most realistic, and most direct problems of the people, but also a hot and difficult point in the process of the transformation of the government's economic structure. The protection of natural resources and the ecological environment is an important aspect of the government's social functions. The government should take various means to improve the environmental deterioration caused by economic development and population expansion. It is the common problem that the governments of all countries in the world are facing in the process of modern civilization. The three major countries of Northeast Asia, China, Japan and Korea, play an increasingly important role in solving major international problems. The cultural background of characteristics and one continuous line makes the three governments have considerable space for cooperation on environmental protection. The government of Japan and South Korea have many advanced experiences for reference by the Chinese government in environmental protection system and measures. In the course of post-war economic development, Japan had been pursuing rapid economic growth, once a long time. In order to deal with the energy crisis, the Japanese government has taken a series of fairly effective policies and measures to deal with the energy crisis in the.70 years. Japan has become one of the countries with the highest energy efficiency in the world and became a developed capitalist country. In the country with more successful environmental governance. South Korea was the watershed in the formation of the 1987 democratic system. In the 20 years prior to 1987, South Korea maintained a very rapid industrial development. The public and the media paid little attention to environmental issues. Although the Korean government issued a number of new environmental laws to control pollution during this period, it is lack of sufficient conditions. Enough resources to be implemented and implemented, these environmental laws and regulations are virtually empty and inefficient, and environmental problems have gradually begun to be really paid attention to after the emergence of the Korean democratic system in 1987. The environmental governance has achieved certain results. This paper reviews the environmental protection process of Japan and South Korea and compares the system construction and specific environmental protection of the two countries. It has been found that both countries have experienced the environmental pollution pollution caused by "economic development supremacy", from the awakening of citizens' awareness of environmental protection to the process of the government's vigorous development of circular economy. The role played by the government of Japan and South Korea in the environmental protection process is different, and the Japanese government has played a considerable role in promoting environmental reform. The important role, even prompting the central government to constantly improve the environmental protection laws and establish strict environmental standards, is a "bottom-up" "countermeasure reflection" route; the Korean local government does not have much autonomy. With the rise of the democratization movement, the Korean environmental organization and the group have begun to express their opinions in the process of government policy making and in the process of government policy making. The central government of the South Korean Central Government has begun to accept the supervision of the environmental issues by the Korean civil society and the public, and put the national "environmental rights" into the constitution, introducing the system of environmental dispute adjustment, guaranteeing the basic rights and interests of the national people, and forming a "top-down" government under the influence of civil society. China is the largest developing country in the world. In twenty-first Century, the environmental and resource problems associated with China's economic growth have been further highlighted, the ecological degradation of the large scale, the increasing pollution of the complex environment and the overall shortage of resources, the Chinese government has continuously improved the construction of the basic law of the environment in recent years. However, the environmental law of China The law has not received the corresponding effect, still repeating the mistakes of public hazards in the process of industrialization in Japan and Korea. Although China has implemented some policies and measures in the environmental protection administration, the environmental protection industry and the technology, they are all lack of strength and the management of the standard, and still has not effectively avoided the old road of "first pollution after pollution control" that developed by the developed countries. The strategic transformation of environment and development is a long and hard process and faces a series of challenges. This paper compares the system and measures adopted by the Chinese government and the government of Japan and South Korea on environmental protection, from the relationship between the government and the market, and the adjustment of the government to the industrial structure, The role of the local government, the laws and regulations, the litigation system, the participation degree of the civil society, and so on, expounded the different practices of the Three Kingdoms, analyzed the effective practices and some drawbacks of the governments in the implementation of the social functions of the ecological environment protection, and put forward the countermeasures to be taken to strengthen the environmental protection management of the Chinese government. Environmental pollution prevention and conventional ecological protection are the core environmental management, implementing the integrated environmental protection strategy covering political, economic, scientific and cultural and other fields. At the same time, the regional environmental protection cooperation should be actively promoted. The Chinese government is faced with a severe environmental situation, and it should be fully realized that the economic development results and human survival should be fully realized. The sustainable development concept requires China's system construction to be new, and the countermeasures must be touched on the root.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：X321

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

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本文編號(hào)：1779909