本文選題：山東　切入點(diǎn)：會(huì)館　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：會(huì)館是產(chǎn)生于明清之際的社會(huì)組織,有關(guān)于會(huì)館的定義歷來(lái)眾說(shuō)紛紜。一說(shuō),會(huì)館是單純的同鄉(xiāng)性組織；一說(shuō),會(huì)館是商業(yè)資本的組織。從會(huì)館的產(chǎn)生緣由來(lái)看,同鄉(xiāng)性占主導(dǎo)地位,.而在會(huì)館的發(fā)展過(guò)程中,行業(yè)性特征則越來(lái)越明顯。因而會(huì)館是融同鄉(xiāng)性、行業(yè)性為一體的社會(huì)組織,它適應(yīng)社會(huì)的變遷而產(chǎn)生,在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的同時(shí),對(duì)外也在進(jìn)行不斷地整合。山東位于中國(guó)東部,北瀕渤海,東臨黃海,是京杭大運(yùn)河的必經(jīng)之路,其四季分明,經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)較好,因而歷來(lái)為商人所重視。明清時(shí)期的“一條鞭法”、“攤丁入畝”等賦役政策的變革,又進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了人口流動(dòng),南來(lái)北往的商人紛紛來(lái)此經(jīng)商。清中葉以后,山東地區(qū)的會(huì)館如雨后春筍般建立起來(lái),其中有來(lái)自西北的山陜會(huì)館,也有來(lái)自長(zhǎng)江流域的浙閩會(huì)館、蘇州會(huì)館、江西會(huì)館,還有來(lái)自珠江流域的廣東會(huì)館等。從會(huì)館的構(gòu)成看,主要有行業(yè)會(huì)館、工商會(huì)館、移民會(huì)館等。從功能性角度來(lái)說(shuō),會(huì)館在建成后通過(guò)各種方式參與到市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作中來(lái),與政府的互動(dòng)也日益頻繁,這些都說(shuō)明會(huì)館作為非官方協(xié)調(diào)管理的基層組織,發(fā)揮著它的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化功能。從歷時(shí)性角度來(lái)說(shuō),會(huì)館這一傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)組織,在近代社會(huì)的發(fā)展變化中,有的衰落了,有的成為了單純的同鄉(xiāng)組織,有的向商會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化,有的則成為了近代政治活動(dòng)的場(chǎng)所。從十七世紀(jì)中期會(huì)館在山東興起,直到二十世紀(jì)中期退出歷史舞臺(tái),會(huì)館在山東的歷史上存續(xù)了約300年的時(shí)間。在這期間里,會(huì)館拉動(dòng)了山東經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,促進(jìn)了不同階層、不同地域間的文化往來(lái)。在發(fā)展過(guò)程中,士紳文化與平民文化不斷融合,內(nèi)陸文化與沿海文化不斷交流,中國(guó)文化與海外文化在此碰撞。山東地區(qū)的會(huì)館,本身就是一個(gè)文化符號(hào),它的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展、變化、衰落,反映了山東政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的發(fā)展與走向。
[Abstract]:The guild hall is a social organization born in the Ming and Qing dynasties. There are different opinions about the definition of the clubhouse. One says that the clubhouse is a purely homegrown organization; the other is that the guild is an organization of commercial capital. Judging from the origin of the guild, In the course of the development of the clubhouse, the characteristics of industry are becoming more and more obvious. As a result, the guild hall is a social organization integrated with the nature of the same country and industry, and it adapts to the changes of society and at the same time adjusts the internal structure. Shandong is located in eastern China, bordering the Bohai Sea in the north and Huang Hai in the east. It is the only road for the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It has four distinct seasons and a sound economic base. As a result, merchants have always attached importance to it. The reform of the tax policy of the Ming and Qing dynasties, such as the "one whip law" and the "spreading into mu", further promoted population mobility, and businessmen from the south to the north came to do business here one after another. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, The clubhouses in Shandong have sprung up like bamboo shoots. Among them are the Shanshan Guild from the Northwest, the Zhejiang and Fujian Guilds from the Yangtze River Basin, the Suzhou Guild Hall, and the Jiangxi Guild Hall. There is also the Guangdong Guild Hall from the Pearl River Basin. From the composition of the Guild Hall, there are mainly the Trade Guild, the Industry and Commerce Guild, the Immigration Guild, and so on. From a functional point of view, the Guild will participate in the operation of the market through various means after its completion. Interaction with the government is also becoming more and more frequent, which shows that the Guildhall, as a grass-roots organization that is not officially coordinated and managed, plays its social, economic, and cultural functions. From a diachronic point of view, the Guildhall is a traditional social organization. In the course of the development and changes of modern society, some have declined, some have become simple townships, some have transformed into chambers of commerce, and some have become places of modern political activities. Until the middle of 20th century, when it withdrew from the historical stage, the Guild Hall lasted about 300 years in the history of Shandong. During this period, the Guild Hall stimulated the development of Shandong's economy and promoted different classes. Cultural exchanges between different regions. In the process of development, gentry culture and civilian culture continuously merged, inland culture and coastal culture continued to exchange, Chinese culture and overseas culture collided here. Its emergence, development, change and decline reflect the development and trend of politics, economy and culture in Shandong.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K29

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