本文關鍵詞：公權(quán)腐敗的人性與社會根源探究　出處：《吉林大學》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 公權(quán)腐敗 人性根源 社會根源 反腐措施

【摘要】：腐敗是個毒瘤，是當今世界各國都必須面對、解決的一個難題，它直接影響到執(zhí)政黨地位的穩(wěn)固和國家的興衰。我們黨對反腐敗高度重視，黨的十八大指出，加快推進現(xiàn)代化進程，實現(xiàn)“二個百年”的奮斗目標和偉大中國夢,必須要解決好提高黨的領導水平和執(zhí)政水平，提高拒腐防變和抵御風險能力兩個重大課題。能否認從源頭上解決腐敗問題，關系到黨和國家事業(yè)的興衰成敗。而腐敗產(chǎn)生的根源錯綜復雜，，為了能更深刻地把握腐敗問題的成因，有必要從哲學角度加以思考，深入探討腐敗產(chǎn)生的根源，從理論高度認識把握腐敗產(chǎn)生的規(guī)律，結(jié)合實際提出解決對策，這樣才能采取有效的措施遏制腐敗。 論文首先界定了公權(quán)的本質(zhì)以及公權(quán)腐敗導致的社會危害。從政治哲學而非政治學的高度梳理了哲學史上契約論思想家對于公權(quán)的界定，從理論層面指出現(xiàn)代國家觀念與傳統(tǒng)國家的區(qū)別。公共權(quán)力產(chǎn)生的合法性與正當性不再來自于上帝或者天命，而是來自于被統(tǒng)治者的同意。在明晰了公權(quán)及政府的合法性與正當性邊界之后，從合法權(quán)力的逾越以獲取私人利益的角度定義了“公權(quán)腐敗”，并從微觀、中觀、宏觀三個層面界定了腐敗的類型，有針對性地提出當下中國公權(quán)腐敗所具有的特征及其對于國家、社會、人民的嚴重危害。 在此基礎上，論文分別從人性與社會兩個角度對于公權(quán)腐敗產(chǎn)生的根源進行理論分析。首先，回顧中國古代經(jīng)典思想中對于人性的討論，先秦是中國思想的源頭，因此人性分析以先秦為主，重點分析了告子、孟子與荀子的人性論思想，認為告子主要從人性的自然本性出發(fā)，從經(jīng)驗的層面探討人的本性；而孟子則上升到了道德形而上學的高度，指出現(xiàn)實中的善行所具有的形而上的根基；進而比較了荀子與孟子之間的異同，闡述了荀子的性惡論。其次，探討了西方現(xiàn)代的人性思想。指出西方學者對于人性的討論就是在現(xiàn)代民族國家興起的前提下進行的，其目的是為了探討現(xiàn)代國家的政治結(jié)構(gòu)及其基本功能的正當性與合法性，因此，西方人性觀一方面關注自然法與自然權(quán)利的問題，這是國家統(tǒng)治的正當性之根；另一方面關注人的理性與感性問題，這決定了治理得以可能的方式與保障。本文分別從自然法、自然權(quán)利、理性、感性幾個角度闡述西方現(xiàn)代哲學家的人性觀，這四個方面各個兩兩交織，構(gòu)成了現(xiàn)代人性觀的錯綜復雜的全景模式。綜觀古今中外的人性理論可以看出，為自我保存，人性中包含自利的訴求，有“自然欲望”的一面。當這種“欲望”處在合理的范圍和方向時，人性是“善”的。但當這種欲望損害到他人和集體利益時，就體現(xiàn)為“惡”，就會表現(xiàn)為“貪欲”，而這種貪欲與權(quán)力相結(jié)合就會產(chǎn)生腐敗，所以這種利己的“欲望”正是腐敗產(chǎn)生的主觀動機和內(nèi)在基礎。論文對于公權(quán)腐敗的社會根源探討，主要選取了政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、法律等幾個因素，對于諸因素與腐敗之間的關聯(lián)進行了理論分析。第一，政治與腐敗的關系。指出作為一個系統(tǒng)，權(quán)力的過于集中和缺乏制衡會導致系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定；第二，經(jīng)濟與腐敗的關系。指出在處于轉(zhuǎn)型期的中國，市場經(jīng)濟的不完善為腐敗的滋生提供了特定的路徑；上述路徑使腐敗得以可能的微觀機制在于權(quán)力尋租，這是腐敗得以產(chǎn)生的客觀根源；而轉(zhuǎn)軌時期的經(jīng)濟體制之所以出現(xiàn)腐敗的深層次根源在于公共權(quán)力的異化。第三，文化與腐敗的關系。主要從中國傳統(tǒng)文化、現(xiàn)代性文化以及作為受資本主義影響的文化三個維度，全面立體的對腐敗的文化根源進行分析。第四，法律與腐敗的關系。指出法律制度自身存在的漏洞，以及制度跨文化移植與既有制度的不匹配為腐敗的滋生提供了空間。 作為核心理論部分，論文從人性與社會的辯證關系角度綜合考察了公權(quán)腐敗產(chǎn)生的根源，并有針對性的提出了治理思路。運用馬克思主義的社會有機體理論與人性理論，指出人性與自然欲望、作為實踐的人類活動以及人類社會密切相關。在人類進入市場經(jīng)濟社會之后，對人性的考察就不可能脫離生產(chǎn)資料私人所有制，即只有通過對私有財產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)實矛盾運動進行考察，才能深刻的理解人性問題與腐敗問題，而社會領域諸因素的相互作用則是這一矛盾運動的現(xiàn)實表現(xiàn)。同時本文梳理與反思了國內(nèi)外治理腐敗的措施與成效，并結(jié)合這些反腐措施，指出反腐敗必須認識到腐敗的根源，必須從個人和社會兩個方面入手，綜合發(fā)揮自律和他律的作用，實現(xiàn)由單一向度的“治人”向人與社會聯(lián)動治理轉(zhuǎn)變，從人性與社會的辯證關系視角下解決公權(quán)腐敗問題，并提出了具體的對策建議。 文章的主要創(chuàng)新之處在于：第一，從人性與社會的辯證關系角度綜合考慮公權(quán)腐敗產(chǎn)生的根源。腐敗是人的腐敗，從人性角度研究腐敗，更帶有根源性意義；同時人又是社會的組成部分，也要受到社會的影響。這種研究角度比較少。第二，以自由為切入點理解人性，將人性與社會的辯證關系具體為人性的自律與他律的關系。進一步探討了扼制腐敗“自律”和“他律”的關系。第三，深入分析了社會主義市場經(jīng)濟對腐敗的影響，從社會與政府關系的角度加深了對腐敗社會根源的理解。第四，立足人性與社會的互動關系，從人性和社會視角提出了公權(quán)腐敗的治理對策。
[Abstract]:Corruption is a malignant tumor, is one of the countries all over the world have to face a difficult problem, which directly affects the rise and fall of the status of the ruling party and the stability of the country. Our Party attaches great importance to anti-corruption, the party's eighteen pointed out that accelerating the process of modernization, to achieve the "two 100 year" goal and the great China dream, must be solved to improve the party's leadership and governance, improve the two major issues of corruption and deny the ability to resist risks. To solve the problem of corruption from the source, in relation to the cause of the party and the country's success or failure. The root causes of corruption in order to cause more perplexing, profound grasp of the problem of corruption. It is necessary to think from the perspective of philosophy, discusses the root causes of corruption, corruption and understand the law from the level of theory, put forward the solutions in combination with the practice, so as to take effective measures. It curbed corruption.
The thesis first defines the nature of public power and public corruption caused harm to society. From the political philosophy and political science of the highly non combing the history of philosophy for the definition of public contract thinker, pointed out the difference between modern and traditional concept of national countries from the theoretical level. The legality and legitimacy of public power generated from God or not destiny, but from the consent of the governed. Clarify the legality and legitimacy of public power and the government of the border, from the legal rights to obtain private benefits beyond the definition of "corruption", and from the micro, meso and macro level three defines the type of corruption, are put forward the characteristics of public power corruption has China and for the country, society, serious harm to the people.
On this basis, the roots from two perspectives of humanity and Society for public power corruption were analyzed. First, review the ancient classic for human thought Chinese discussion, pre Qin is the source of Chinese thought, so the analysis of human nature in the pre Qin mainly focuses on the analysis of the Mencius Gaozi, and Xunzi's theory of human nature, thought that mainly from human nature, to explore the human nature from the level of experience; and Mencius rose to the height of the foundation of the metaphysics of morals, pointed out that in reality has good metaphysical; and then compares the similarities and differences between Xunzi and Mencius, explains Xunzi's evil nature. Secondly, discusses the modern western the human nature thought. It is pointed out that the premise of western scholars for humanity is discussed in the modern nation under the rise, its purpose is to explore the modern national politics Legitimacy, structure and basic functions of the western view of human nature on the one hand, pay attention to the natural law and natural rights, this is ruled by the legitimacy of the rational and emotional problems; on the other hand pay close attention to people, which determines the possible way to governance and security. This paper from the natural law, natural rights, rational, perceptual perspective of a few modern western philosopher's view of human nature, the four aspects of the 22 intertwined, constitute the modern view of human nature, the perplexing panoramic mode. The theory of human nature in at all times and in all countries can be seen as a self preservation, human nature includes self-interest demands, "a natural desire" when. This kind of "desire" in the reasonable scope and direction, human nature is "good". But when the damage to the interests of others and the collective desire, which is "evil", will be manifested as "greed", This combination of greed and power will result in corruption, so this kind of selfish desire is the subjective motive of the corruption and the intrinsic basis. For the social root of public power corruption discussion, mainly choose the political, economic, cultural, legal and other factors on the relationship between various factors and the corruption in the theory analysis. First, the relationship between politics and corruption. It points out that as a system, the power is too concentrated and balance will lead to instability of the system lack; second, the relationship between economy and corruption. It is pointed out that in the period of transition of Chinese, market economy is not perfect for the breeding of corruption provides a specific path of the path; the possible mechanism is micro corruption to the abuse of power, this is the objective sources of corruption can be produced; and the transition period of economic system is the deep root of corruption in the public The alienation of power. Third, the relationship between culture and corruption. Chinese mainly from the traditional culture, modern culture as well as the influence by the capitalist culture in three dimensions, comprehensive cultural roots of corruption were analyzed. Fourth, the relationship between law and corruption. It is pointed out that the legal system of their own loopholes, and the system of cross culture transplantation and the existing system, to provide a space for corruption.
As a core part of theory, perspective of dialectical relationship between human and society from the comprehensive survey of the cause of public power corruption, and puts forward the idea of governance. Social organism theory and the theory of human nature in Marx's theory, pointed out that the nature of humanity and desire, as for the practice of human activities and human society are closely related. After humans entered the market economy society, study of human nature can not be separated from the private ownership of the means of production, namely, only through the realistic contradiction movement of private property were investigated, in order to deeply understand human problems and corruption, and the interaction of various factors of social field is the reality of this contradictory movement. At the same time review the measures and results of domestic and foreign corruption, and combined with the anti-corruption measures, pointed out that the anti-corruption must recognize the root causes of corruption, must from From the two aspects of the individual and the society, we should give full play to the role of self-discipline and Heteronomy to achieve the transformation from a single degree of governance to human and social linkage governance, and solve the problem of public power corruption from the perspective of dialectical relationship between humanity and society, and put forward specific countermeasures and suggestions.
The main innovations of this paper is: first, from the perspective of considering the dialectical relationship between human nature and social power is the root causes of corruption. The corruption is the corruption of corruption from the angle of human nature, with more fundamental significance; at the same time a person is part of the society, will be subject to social influence. The angle of this comparative study less. Second, with free entry point for the understanding of human nature, the dialectical relationship between human and Society for the specific relationship of self-discipline and heteronomy of humanity. To further explore the relationship between curb corruption "self-discipline" and "heteronomy". Third, in-depth analysis of the influence of socialist market economy of corruption, from the relationship between society and government the angle deepened to the understanding of the social roots of corruption. Fourth, based on the interaction between human and society, put forward the Countermeasures of corruption from the human nature and social perspective.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D262.6

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