本文關(guān)鍵詞：中國早期馬克思主義者對民主的認識研究　出處：《湖南大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 中國早期馬克思主義者 民主 馬克思主義 意識形態(tài)

【摘要】：追求民主為近現(xiàn)代中國歷史發(fā)展的動力之一。自西方列強叩關(guān)而來,中國便不可避免地卷入馬克思所指明的“歷史向世界歷史轉(zhuǎn)變”的過程之中。以救亡為己任的近代中國知識精英欲引西方民主為中國現(xiàn)代化開路,卻始終不得要領(lǐng)。蓋因追求民主為中國謀求政治現(xiàn)代化的集中體現(xiàn),勢必與中國現(xiàn)代化的整體進程相關(guān)聯(lián)。中國獨特的社會結(jié)構(gòu)成為規(guī)范和制約民主形式與走向的關(guān)鍵因素。作為民主的追求者、思考者、訴說者和實踐者,中國早期馬克思主義者在前人所開辟的“向西方學(xué)習(xí)”和“反對皇權(quán)專制”兩個面向上殫精竭慮,他們不斷引介西方思想資源,在批判綱常倫理等儒家傳統(tǒng)的同時,鼓吹“獨立自主之人格”,企圖推動中國走類似西方國家的民主道路。然而局勢的動蕩,使得這種將希望寄托在“個人覺醒”的民主道路不斷遭受挫折,李大釗、陳獨秀等人開始認識到西方民主的一般模式與經(jīng)驗不是中國現(xiàn)代化的必然選擇,轉(zhuǎn)而尋求超越西方的新的思想體系為社會變革開路。馬克思主義以源于西方而又超越西方的姿態(tài)進入李大釗、陳獨秀等先進知識精英的視野,并日益獲得重視。一方面,他們在確認民主乃中國現(xiàn)代化必然選擇的基礎(chǔ)上,繼承并延續(xù)了先前對于民主的一般理解,認為民主必然包括人民主權(quán)、個人平等等內(nèi)容;另一方面,對馬克思主義的信服,使得他們著重從外在于“個人”的社會政經(jīng)秩序的角度看待民主的實現(xiàn)問題。于是,中國早期馬克思主義者大多把“民主”等同為“資產(chǎn)階級民主”,視其為人類歷史上的一個由資產(chǎn)階級把持政權(quán)的特殊階段及其所建立的一整套政治經(jīng)濟秩序。在此秩序之中,多數(shù)平民的應(yīng)有權(quán)利得不到落實,是一種“假民主”。因此,他們轉(zhuǎn)而追求一種有別于“個人覺醒”所代表的內(nèi)生性質(zhì)的民主演進道路,寄希望于迅速改變外在政治經(jīng)濟秩序以建立“真正民主”。社會主義與民主成為須臾不可分離的一體兩面。作為向社會主義過渡的“無產(chǎn)階級專政”因而獲得了歷史的正當(dāng)性。這條民主路徑的獲得,使得中國早期馬克思主義者的民主思考展現(xiàn)出三個明顯的特征:第一,在“價值多元”的處境中,“平等”成為他們民主認知的首要價值,西方民主所著重的“自由”價值漸居次席,但這種對“自由民主”否定,所針對的只是民主政治的實現(xiàn)方式,而“自由”價值本身�！白杂伞背蔀橐环N有待來日的微弱關(guān)懷;第二,如何使普通民眾能夠充分享受民主權(quán)利、履行民主責(zé)任、行使民主權(quán)力成為他們民主認知的核心關(guān)懷。無論是對“獨立自主之人格”的提倡,還是對“資本主義民主”的厭棄,陳獨秀、李大釗等人始終以“如何發(fā)揮人民積極參與政治的主動性”為首要目的,并伴隨他們民主思想發(fā)展的始終;第三,現(xiàn)代民主政治的確立需要與中外一切阻礙民主發(fā)展的“強權(quán)”相抗衡。“反抗強權(quán)即為德謨克拉西”在特殊的歷史時空中具有非常的意義,它在一定程度上表明通過改變外在政經(jīng)秩序是中國謀求政治現(xiàn)代化的必經(jīng)之路。中國早期馬克思主義者的民主思考所具備的內(nèi)容和特質(zhì),及其所表現(xiàn)出的價值關(guān)懷,不但具有豐富的思想內(nèi)涵和時代特色,更為中國政治現(xiàn)代化不斷提供重要的思想因素,是中國民主思想進步和民主政治建設(shè)的恒久思想資源。
[Abstract]:As one of the modern history of the development of the power China pursuit of democracy. Since western powers attempt to China inevitably involved in the Marx specified in the "history changed to the" history of the world. In order to save the country as the modern Chinese intellectual elite to lead the way for the modern western democratic China, but always miss the point. Because the pursuit of democracy to embody the political modernization as Chinese, associated with the overall process of modernization is bound to Chinese. China unique social structure become the key factor to regulate and restrict the democratic form and direction. As the main pursuit, thinkers and practitioners say, China early Marx who opened up in the previous "learning from the west" and "oppose autocracy" two oriented on introducing western thought they continue to leave no stone unturned, resources, ethics and Confucian in Criticism The system at the same time, advocating "independent personality", in an attempt to promote China similar democracy in western countries. However, the turmoil in the road, which will hope in the "awakening" of the democratic road continues to suffer setbacks, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu and others began to realize the general pattern and experience of Western democracy is the inevitable choice of modern China instead, seek beyond western new ideas open system for social change. The Marx doctrine into Li Dazhao from the West and beyond the Western attitude, Chen Duxiu and other advanced intellectual elite vision, and has gained much attention. On the one hand, they confirm democracy is the inevitable choice of modern China based on Inheritance and the continuation of the previous to general understanding of democracy, that democracy must include the people's sovereignty, equality and other content; on the other hand, the conviction of Marx doctrine, So they focused on the "implementation" of social political and economic order at the view of democracy from the outside. So, most of the early China Marx doctrine of "democracy" as "bourgeois democracy", as a political and economic order is a special stage of human history by the bourgeoisie dominated regime and established. In this order, the rights of the majority of civilians who are not implemented, is a "false democracy". Therefore, they turned to the pursuit of a democratic evolution different from the "personal awakening" represents the endogenous nature, hoping to quickly change the external political and economic order to establish "a real democratic socialism and democracy. As one of the two sides can not be separated. As the transition to socialism, the dictatorship of the proletariat and the legitimacy of the democratic path of history. Get the democratic thinking Chinese early Marx doctrine shows three distinct characteristics: first, in the "value pluralism" situation, "equality" has become the most important value of their democratic cognition, western democracy focuses on the "free" value gradually ranks second, but this denial of the "freedom and democracy" just for the realization of democratic politics, and "free" value itself. "Freedom" has become a concern to be weak tomorrow; second, how to make ordinary people can fully enjoy democratic rights and fulfill the Democratic responsibility for the democratic rights become the core concern of their democratic awareness. Whether it is the "advocate independent of personality", or "capitalist democracy" from Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, et al. Has always been to "how to play the people to actively participate in the political initiative led to the goal, and with him They always thought of democracy development; third, establish the need of modern democratic politics and foreign all hinder the development of democracy in the "power" to compete. "The resistance power for democracy" has a very special significance in the history of space-time, it show that a change in the external political and economic order in a certain extent, is the only way which must be passed Chinese seek the content and characteristics of political modernization. The democratic thinking China early Marx nationalists have, as well as the value of care, not only has the rich connotation and the characteristics of the times, more China continue to provide ideological and political modernization important factors, is Chinese democracy progress and the construction of democratic politics is the thought resources.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：B261
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本文編號：1393089