本文關(guān)鍵詞：吉林省農(nóng)發(fā)行政策指導(dǎo)性貸款風(fēng)險管理研究　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 農(nóng)業(yè)政策性金融 政策指導(dǎo)性貸款 風(fēng)險管理

【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)的特殊性要求政策金融扶持，農(nóng)業(yè)是一個國家的基礎(chǔ)性產(chǎn)業(yè)，但與二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)相比又存在“弱質(zhì)性”，也就是說一方面農(nóng)業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中地位重要，具有特殊性和不可取代性，另一方面農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)收益低、風(fēng)險大等特點決定了農(nóng)業(yè)本身的競爭力較差。 我國農(nóng)業(yè)的弱質(zhì)性集中反映在以下幾個方面：（1）農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的對象是農(nóng)作物，農(nóng)作物的生長周期較長，且受季節(jié)、氣候等自然條件的約束，生產(chǎn)過程中的不確定因素較多，極易發(fā)生風(fēng)險和損失；（2）農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)以小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟為主，農(nóng)村地區(qū)人口多，人均可耕地面積小，，難以開展集約化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營，農(nóng)業(yè)勞動生產(chǎn)率較低；（3）農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)需要投入大量基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和生產(chǎn)資料，農(nóng)業(yè)投資回收期較長，農(nóng)業(yè)投資規(guī)模明顯不足；（4）農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的進步速度較慢，創(chuàng)新和開發(fā)難度較大，我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品深加工不足，產(chǎn)品的附加值較低；（5）我國城鄉(xiāng)二元經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)突出，農(nóng)村地區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施欠缺，農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟環(huán)境信用環(huán)境差，商業(yè)金融發(fā)展滯后，農(nóng)業(yè)信貸融資難。 中國農(nóng)業(yè)的弱質(zhì)性決定了農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展離不開政策性金融的扶持，因為對于商業(yè)金融而言，涉農(nóng)信貸將面臨風(fēng)險大、收益少、成本高、資金周轉(zhuǎn)慢等諸多不利因素，這與商業(yè)金融機構(gòu)經(jīng)營管理的安全性、流動性和盈利性是完全相悖的。 政策性銀行也是銀行，必須遵循銀行的一般規(guī)律，在執(zhí)行政策的前提下，講求經(jīng)營效益，防范化解風(fēng)險，提高資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量，實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 政策指導(dǎo)性貸款是指為履行農(nóng)業(yè)政策性銀行職能，支持糧棉油收購，促進產(chǎn)銷銜接，維護重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品及農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資料市場穩(wěn)定，由農(nóng)發(fā)行自主發(fā)放、風(fēng)險自擔(dān)的貸款。 政策指導(dǎo)性貸款具有以下特征：1.貸款性質(zhì)介于政策性與商業(yè)性之間，2.貸款用途特定，3.準入條件較低，但貸后管理要求嚴格，4.貸款期限一般少于一年，5.信用敞口較大。 吉林省農(nóng)發(fā)行政策指導(dǎo)性貸款現(xiàn)狀是：企業(yè)抗風(fēng)險能力差，影響第一還款來源，企業(yè)財務(wù)核算不規(guī)范，不利于信貸監(jiān)管，銷售貨款回籠比例不足，個人銀行卡屢禁不止，各項管理措施落實不到位，風(fēng)險防控難度加大。具體風(fēng)險點體現(xiàn)在：一是貸款方式風(fēng)險，同商業(yè)銀行相比，農(nóng)發(fā)行對擔(dān)保方式的選擇有一定的局限性。在發(fā)放政策指導(dǎo)性貸款時只能在有效資產(chǎn)“應(yīng)抵盡抵”和企業(yè)法人代表個人財產(chǎn)辦理抵、質(zhì)押擔(dān)保后發(fā)放信用貸款。第二是市場風(fēng)險，我國農(nóng)業(yè)具有“弱質(zhì)性”，涉農(nóng)企業(yè)利潤水平低，抗風(fēng)險能力差。隨著市場化改革的深化，我國市場的逐步放開，國際市場對國內(nèi)的影響越來越大，企業(yè)要應(yīng)對的風(fēng)險越來越大，信貸資金的市場風(fēng)險也隨之增大。第三是道德風(fēng)險，主要是企業(yè)法人不誠信，擠占和挪用信貸資金形成的風(fēng)險。 針對以上風(fēng)險，必須研究風(fēng)險防控的措施，主要有三條，一是彌補信用敞口，二是提高三金比例，覆蓋市場價格風(fēng)險，三是實行優(yōu)質(zhì)客戶戰(zhàn)略，培育優(yōu)質(zhì)客戶群體。同時要采取必要措施保證這些風(fēng)險防控措施的落實，一是確保各項管理要求落到實處，二是嚴格兌現(xiàn)獎懲措施，三是建立企業(yè)誠信檔案。
[Abstract]:The special requirements of agricultural policy financial support, agriculture is the foundation of a country's industry, but compared with two, three industry and the existence of "weak", that is to say on the one hand, the agriculture in the national economy in an important position, is special and irreplaceable, on the other hand, the agricultural production income low, characteristics high risk determines the competitiveness of agriculture itself is poor.
The weakness of our country agriculture reflects in the following aspects: (1) the object of agricultural production is crops, long growing period of crops, and by season, climate and other natural conditions constraints, more uncertain factors in the production process, prone to risks and losses; (2) agricultural production by smallholder economy in rural areas, population, per capita arable land area is small, it is difficult to carry out intensive and industrialization, agricultural labor productivity is low; (3) agricultural production requires a lot of infrastructure and agricultural production data, the payback period is longer, the scale of agricultural investment is obviously insufficient; (4) the Agricultural Technology progress is slow, innovation and development is difficult, deep processing of agricultural products in China is insufficient, the added value of the products is low; (5) China's urban and rural economic structure of two yuan outstanding, the lack of infrastructure in rural areas, rural credit environment, economic environment, business The development of industry finance is lagging behind, and the financing of agricultural credit is difficult.
The weakness of China agriculture has decided the agricultural economic development cannot do without the policy of financial support, because of the commercial finance, agricultural credit risk, low income, high cost, slow capital turnover and other unfavorable factors, the commercial and financial institutions engaged in the management of security, liquidity and profitability is completely contrary.
A policy bank is also a bank. We must follow the general rule of banks. We should emphasize business efficiency, prevent and mitigate risks, improve asset quality and achieve sustainable development under the premise of implementing policies.
Policy guidance for the performance of agricultural loan refers to the functions of policy banks to support the acquisition of grain, promote the production and marketing, maintenance of agricultural products and agricultural means of production market stability, by issuing independent payment, loan risk.
The policy guidance loan has the following characteristics: 1., the nature of loan is between policy and business. 2., the purpose of loan is specific, and 3. entry conditions are low. But after loan management is strict, 4. loan period is generally less than one year, 5. credit exposure is bigger.
Jilin Province agricultural policy guidance issued loan situation is: the anti risk ability of enterprises is poor, the first source of repayment, enterprise financial accounting is not standardized, not conducive to the regulation of credit sales return ratio, personal bank card repeated, the management measures are not in place, the risk prevention and control more difficult. The risk is reflected in: one is the loan risk, compared with commercial banks, agricultural issue to guarantee the choice has certain limitations. In the issuance of guidance policy loans can only be effective in assets "as against credit" and the legal representative of the enterprise for personal property to pledge after credit loans. Second is the market risk in China "agriculture is weak, agricultural enterprise profit level is low, the ability to resist risk. With the deepening of market reform, our country market gradually open up the international market, the domestic impact of more and more Large enterprises need to cope with more and more risks and the market risk of credit funds will also increase. Third, moral hazard is mainly due to the lack of integrity of corporate entities, and the risk of embezzlement and appropriation of credit funds.
In view of the above risks, must study the risk prevention and control measures, there are mainly three, one is to make up for the credit exposure, the two is to improve the proportion of gold, covering the market price risk, three is the implementation of high-quality customer strategy, cultivate high-quality customers. At the same time to take the necessary measures to ensure that the risk prevention and control measures, to ensure that the management is a two is the strict requirements of the letter, rewards and punishments measures, three is the establishment of enterprise credit archives.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F832.4;F832.31

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