【摘要】：由于漁民從業(yè)目的、漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式多樣化,加之漁業(yè)資源所具有非排他性、競爭性、洄游性、波動性特征等因素,使得很少有比漁業(yè)資源更難以管理的自然資源。對漁業(yè)管理來說,漁業(yè)決策是漁業(yè)管理的首要環(huán)節(jié)和各項管理功能的基礎(chǔ),漁業(yè)決策水平直接關(guān)系到漁業(yè)管理的成敗�？茖W(xué)合理的漁業(yè)決策是實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展?jié)O業(yè)目標(biāo)必不可少的前提。我國漁業(yè)決策制定過程中,政府、漁業(yè)專家、漁民及其它利益相關(guān)者均參與進(jìn)來,但政府是處于主導(dǎo)地位,漁業(yè)專家科學(xué)指導(dǎo)缺乏法定性和強制性,漁民參與意識不強,是處于從屬被動的地位,加之作為漁業(yè)決策基礎(chǔ)支撐的漁業(yè)法律制度、漁業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計、漁業(yè)資源評估機(jī)制尚未系統(tǒng)化、科學(xué)化,使得我國未能建立起科學(xué)化、民主化、法治化的漁業(yè)決策機(jī)制,這也一直阻礙著我國實施總可捕量的配額制度。一直以來,我國學(xué)者對美國漁業(yè)管理機(jī)制就十分關(guān)注。國內(nèi)對美國漁業(yè)管理的研究主要聚焦在漁業(yè)管理特點、漁業(yè)法律制度、漁業(yè)管理模式等方面,其中對于美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會的決策機(jī)制,還局限于介紹性的層面,并未深入。國外學(xué)者則側(cè)重探究美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會成員組成合理性問題探討。因漁業(yè)管理所需,美國于1976年在其沿海3-200海里內(nèi)建立了8個區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會。這些機(jī)構(gòu)的建立,使得美國的漁業(yè)管理由政府管理為主的管理模式轉(zhuǎn)向由政府和漁業(yè)利益相關(guān)者團(tuán)體共同協(xié)商、共同參與的管理模式發(fā)展。通過區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會建立了“政府-科學(xué)家-漁民”的共同管理的漁業(yè)決策機(jī)制,并對委員會的組織設(shè)置、主要職能、決策程序、漁業(yè)決策前期的科學(xué)評估過程予以立法規(guī)定,用法治手段來保障漁業(yè)決策的民主性、科學(xué)性。本文希望通過挖掘美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會決策機(jī)制的特征,提出改善我國海洋漁業(yè)資源管理決策機(jī)制的建議。美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會的主要職責(zé)是為美國3-200海里海域內(nèi)的主要漁業(yè)和重要捕撈對象制定漁業(yè)管理計劃,鑒于此,本文的研究范圍只定位為我國200海里專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)天然生長的漁業(yè)資源。本文采用系統(tǒng)分析法、查閱文獻(xiàn)法及比較分析法開展相關(guān)研究。科學(xué)決策理論、利益相關(guān)者理論、公共選擇理論為理順漁業(yè)決策過程中各個參與主體之間的關(guān)系、明確各利益相關(guān)者在漁業(yè)決策中的職責(zé)、規(guī)范漁業(yè)決策程序、提高漁業(yè)決策效率等方面提供思想上和方法論方面的參考和啟示。論文先從美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會建立的歷史背景介紹為切入點,重點分析現(xiàn)行美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、職能、決策程序等內(nèi)容,以及委員會成員特點及原因分析。再通過介紹漁業(yè)管理計劃的內(nèi)容,探究其決策方式特征,得出美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會決策方式包括注重漁業(yè)決策主體的代表性、設(shè)立統(tǒng)一的漁業(yè)決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、基于科學(xué)決策的原則、公眾參與保障措施,并通過美國海洋漁業(yè)資源狀況統(tǒng)計報告及魚類種群可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù)來評估美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會決策機(jī)制的管理效果。最后,以美國區(qū)域漁業(yè)管理委員會為對比對象,為改善我國海洋漁業(yè)資源管理決策機(jī)制提出對策和建議:由“粗放式”漁業(yè)管理向“精細(xì)化”過程轉(zhuǎn)變、建立適應(yīng)性管理和預(yù)防性方法、建立科學(xué)規(guī)范的漁業(yè)決策程序、健全漁業(yè)決策科學(xué)支撐機(jī)制、促進(jìn)利益相關(guān)者參與漁業(yè)決策。最后結(jié)論部分,筆者指出本文研究中存在的不足及創(chuàng)新點。
[Abstract]:Owing to the diversification of fishery production methods and the non-exclusive, competitive, migratory and volatile nature of fishery resources, fishery resources are seldom more difficult to manage than fishery resources. For fisheries management, fishery decision-making is the primary link of fishery management and the basis of various management functions, and the level of fishery decision-making is directly related to the success or failure of fishery management. Scientific and reasonable fisheries decision-making is an essential prerequisite for achieving sustainable development of fisheries. In our country's fisheries decision-making process, government, fishery experts, fishermen and other stakeholders are involved, but the government is in the leading position, the scientific guidance of fishery experts lacks legality and compulsion, fishermen's participation in consciousness is not strong, it is in subordinate passive position, In addition, fishery law system, fishery data statistics and fishery resources assessment mechanism which are supported by fishery decision-making foundation have not been systematized and scientific, so that China has not established a scientific, democratic and scientific decision-making mechanism. This has also been an obstacle to the implementation of the quota system of total collectability in our country. For the long time, Chinese scholars have paid great attention to the American fishery management mechanism. The domestic research on American fishery management mainly focuses on the characteristics of fishery management, fishery legal system and fishery management mode, among which, the decision-making mechanism of the American regional fisheries management committee is limited to the introductory level and not in depth. Foreign scholars focused on exploring the rationality of the members of the regional fisheries management committee in the United States. For fisheries management, the United States established eight regional fisheries management committees within 3-200 nautical miles off its coast in 1976. The establishment of these institutions has led to a shift in the management of fisheries management in the United States from governmental management to the development of a management model jointly negotiated and participatory by governmental and fisheries stakeholders. Through the establishment of the fisheries decision-making mechanism for the joint management of the 鈥淕overnment-Scientist-Fishermen鈥，

本文編號：2312719