本文選題：清代 + 民國�。� 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：本研究是1368年以來黃土高原地區(qū)土地利用研究的重要組成部分。旨在通過對(duì)1644至1949年關(guān)中地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的研究,為黃土高原土地利用研究提供支撐。具體而言,旨在厘清本研究時(shí)段內(nèi)關(guān)中地區(qū)的耕作土地?cái)?shù)量、質(zhì)量及其變動(dòng)過程,以及影響其變動(dòng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素的相關(guān)情況。研究利用清代的基礎(chǔ)文獻(xiàn)、農(nóng)書、陜西地方志、民國地方志、奏折、檔案等資料,考察影響1644——1949年關(guān)中地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的自然及人文因素,包括：自然資源、人口資源、土地?cái)?shù)量與類型、農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)、耕作制度等。其中民國檔案資料多為首次利用。本文首先通過對(duì)研究時(shí)段內(nèi)關(guān)中地區(qū)自然資源、農(nóng)業(yè)資源、人口、自然災(zāi)害以及社會(huì)狀況的復(fù)原,構(gòu)建關(guān)中地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的背景,在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)關(guān)中地區(qū)耕地的數(shù)量與類型進(jìn)行討論,初步提出判定清代關(guān)中地區(qū)耕地質(zhì)量的方法；關(guān)中地區(qū)位于半干旱區(qū),農(nóng)田水利工程興修與否對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的效率影響很大,因此,本文對(duì)研究時(shí)段內(nèi)關(guān)中地區(qū)的農(nóng)田水利工程也進(jìn)行了考察；基礎(chǔ)條件具備之后,以人為中心的耕作制度,包括作物的種植制度、養(yǎng)地制度等均與農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用息息相關(guān),在對(duì)研究時(shí)段內(nèi)關(guān)中地區(qū)耕作制度進(jìn)行考察時(shí),本文努力復(fù)原了1644至1949年關(guān)中作物結(jié)構(gòu)變遷的過程。對(duì)學(xué)界研究幾乎空白的民國時(shí)期關(guān)中地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用進(jìn)行部分復(fù)原,尤其關(guān)注到民國關(guān)中地區(qū)政府倡導(dǎo)的大規(guī)模植樹造林行為。通過對(duì)上述主要問題的研究,得出以下結(jié)論：1644——1949年問,關(guān)中地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用以種植業(yè)為最主要方式。若按照土地利用的規(guī)模論,可以將三百年的土地利用史劃分為五個(gè)階段：第一,1644——1700年代,清初大量拋荒的土地恢復(fù)墾種階段；第二,1700——1860年代,土地利用范圍在復(fù)墾基礎(chǔ)上擴(kuò)大的階段；第三,1862—1878戰(zhàn)亂災(zāi)荒引起大規(guī)模土地再度拋荒階段；第四,1878——1920年代土地利用緩慢恢復(fù)期；第五,1920——1949,土地利用規(guī)模繼續(xù)恢復(fù)、現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)因素引入階段。若按照其種植制度劃分,則可以乾隆初年為界劃分為兩大階段,乾隆初年以前作物結(jié)構(gòu)主要為傳統(tǒng)作物麥、粟谷、豆類等,作物熟制以一年一熟為主;玉米、薯類新作物及棉花新品種、罌粟的引入及推廣,豐富了關(guān)中地區(qū)的作物結(jié)構(gòu),向多熟制發(fā)展。種植制度的變化與乾隆時(shí)期,以楊\~、楊秀沅等為代表的農(nóng)學(xué)家對(duì)關(guān)中地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)的精耕細(xì)作技術(shù)進(jìn)行總結(jié)、提升并發(fā)揮盡致不無關(guān)系。在影響關(guān)中地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用諸因素中,人口數(shù)量是影響耕地?cái)?shù)量的最主要因素；地理環(huán)境及農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)決定著耕地的質(zhì)量；社會(huì)穩(wěn)定性、政府的農(nóng)業(yè)及賦稅政策與土地利用的穩(wěn)定性密切相關(guān);農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)對(duì)土地利用的效率影響較大；土地利用的效率又與關(guān)中地區(qū)精耕細(xì)作技術(shù)的普及范圍及程度相關(guān)。其中,人口數(shù)量與社會(huì)環(huán)境是否安定、自然災(zāi)害的嚴(yán)重程度、政府賦稅的征收辦法及賦稅的高低等高度相關(guān)；人口數(shù)量、耕地質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等因素共同決定著三百余年間關(guān)中地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的強(qiáng)度和廣度。
[Abstract]:This study is an important part of the Loess Plateau since 1368 on land utilization. Through research on agricultural land utilization in Guanzhong area from 1644 to 1949, to provide support for the research on land use in the Loess Plateau. Specifically, this study aims to clarify the amount of land cultivation period in Guanzhong area, process quality and its change, and the impact of related the change of the driving factors. Based on literature, the Qing Dynasty agricultural book, Shaanxi local chronicles, the local chronicles and memorials, records and other information, including the effects of 1644 natural and cultural factors of agricultural land use in Guanzhong area in 1949: natural resources, human resources, the number and type of land, irrigation and water conservancy construction farming system. Among them, the data for the first time using the archives of the Republic of China. This paper based on natural resources in Guanzhong area during the study period, agricultural resources, population, Natural disasters and social status of the restoration, the background of the construction of agricultural land use in Guanzhong area, the number and type of Guanzhong area of cultivated land on the basis of the preliminary discussion, some methods for determining the quality of cultivated land in Guanzhong area in Qing Dynasty; Guanzhong area is located in the semi-arid area, farmland water conservancy construction and no influence on efficiency of agricultural land use in large therefore, in this paper, the farmland water conservancy project in the study period in Guanzhong area was also investigated; after the foundation conditions, human centered farming system, including crop planting system, nourishing system and agricultural land use are closely related, in the study period in Guanzhong area of farming system were investigated in this paper, trying to recover from 1644 to 1949 in crop structure change process. The research is almost blank of agricultural land utilization in Guanzhong area during the period of the Republic of Partial recovery, with particular attention to large-scale afforestation activities in Guanzhong area initiated by the government of the Republic of China. Based on the above problems, the following conclusions: 1644 - 1949, agricultural land utilization in Guanzhong area to farming as the main way. If the land use scale theory, can be three hundred years of land use history is divided into five stages: first, from 1644 to 1700s, in a large number of abandoned land restoration cultivated stage; second, 1700 - 1860s, to expand the scope of land use in Land Reclamation Based on stage; third, 1862 - 1878 war famine caused by large-scale land again abandoned stage; fourth, 1878 and 1920s land use slow recovery period; fifth, 1920 - 1949, the land use scale continues to recover, the modern agriculture factor into the stage. If according to the cropping system can be divided, Qianlong Dynasty Is divided into two stages, mainly for the Qianlong Dynasty before the crop structure of traditional crops of wheat, millet, beans and other crops cooked in one crop a year; corn, potato new crops and new varieties of cotton, poppy introduction and promotion of rich crop structure in Guanzhong area, to the development of multi cropping system change of cropping system and Qianlong period, in Yang, Yang Xiuyuan as the representative of the agronomist of Guanzhong area traditional intensive and meticulous farming techniques are summarized, and enhance the display sends are not unrelated. In Guanzhong area of agricultural land use factors, population quantity is the main factors influencing the quantity of cultivated land and farmland geographical environment; water conservancy construction determines the quality of arable land; the social stability, the government and the agricultural tax policy and land use stability is closely related to the agricultural production technology; greater impact on the efficiency of land use; land use The efficiency and the popularity of technology intensive and meticulous farming in Guanzhong area of the scope and extent. Among them, the population and the social environment is stable, the severity of natural disasters, government taxes and taxes to the level of a high degree of correlation; population, cultivated land quality, production technology, customs and other factors together determine more than 300 years of agriculture in Guanzhong area land use intensity and breadth.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：F329

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本文編號(hào)：1731865