本文選題：14—19世紀(jì)　切入點(diǎn)：中國(guó)　出處：《東北師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：14—19世紀(jì)是人類(lèi)社會(huì)從農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)向資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變的時(shí)期。地租作為農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中的重要現(xiàn)象,在農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)向資本主義社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型過(guò)程中經(jīng)歷了重大變化,對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變等產(chǎn)生了重要影響。對(duì)14—19世紀(jì)中英兩國(guó)的地租形態(tài)和地租變化進(jìn)行比較研究,有利于深入理解這一劇烈社會(huì)變革過(guò)程中兩國(guó)地租變化的差異,并進(jìn)而揭示近代兩國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展道路不同的原因和表現(xiàn)。在地租形態(tài)方面,中英兩國(guó)的地租都包括勞役地租、實(shí)物地租和貨幣地租等,且勞役地租所占的比重都比較小。盡管明清時(shí)代的中國(guó)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了貨幣地租,但實(shí)物地租依然占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。在同一時(shí)期的英國(guó),貨幣地租是主要地租形式。在中國(guó)還有押租、預(yù)租等幾種特殊類(lèi)型的地租存在,而且附加租和貢納名目繁多,表明了土地所有者階級(jí)對(duì)農(nóng)民階級(jí)剝削方式的多樣性。在地租變動(dòng)方面,兩國(guó)在繳納地租的方式上都向更高的形態(tài)發(fā)展。隨著商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,兩國(guó)的單位面積土地的地租額都有所上升,貨幣地租也有較大的發(fā)展。不同之處在于,中國(guó)的主要地租形態(tài)依然是實(shí)物地租,只是出現(xiàn)從分成制地租向定額租的轉(zhuǎn)變,定額租在實(shí)物地租中的比例有所上升。為了應(yīng)對(duì)佃農(nóng)的抗租斗爭(zhēng)等,還出現(xiàn)了押租和預(yù)租。英國(guó)的顯著特點(diǎn)是貨幣地租所占比重的不斷增大,土地的租期也有所延長(zhǎng)。在兩國(guó)地租的地區(qū)差異方面,中國(guó)因?yàn)閲?guó)土面積更為廣大而更為鮮明和多樣化。從單位土地面積的地租額上,呈現(xiàn)出北低南高的基本特征。從地租形態(tài)上看,清代東北和南方地區(qū)的貨幣地租與定額租所占比例較高,而黃河流域地區(qū)和中國(guó)西北部的分成制為主的實(shí)物租占優(yōu)勢(shì)。在西南地區(qū),尚存在較多的勞役地租。而在英國(guó),地區(qū)差異性較中國(guó)要小。但也因?yàn)榈匦魏屯恋亻_(kāi)發(fā)程度等因素,在英國(guó)一些商品經(jīng)濟(jì)較發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)和城市,貨幣地租占絕對(duì)地位,單位面積土地的地租額也相對(duì)較高。在威爾士和西北部經(jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)落后地區(qū),地租租額相對(duì)較少。在地租額方面,中英兩國(guó)在14—19世紀(jì)都有所上漲。中國(guó)的地租額自北向南不斷增加,英國(guó)的地租額則是從西北向東南地區(qū)逐漸增多的趨勢(shì)。中國(guó)的地租率為50%左右,比同一時(shí)期英國(guó)的地租率33%高出一半左右。這表明中國(guó)的土地所有者對(duì)佃農(nóng)的剝削程度要更高。同樣,在地息率方面,中國(guó)的12%-15%比英國(guó)的地息率6%左右要更高。中英兩國(guó)在地租形態(tài)與地租變化方面的差異,是兩國(guó)自然經(jīng)濟(jì)條件和社會(huì)管理模式等差異的表現(xiàn),同時(shí)表明了商品經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)兩國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的程度不同,影響了兩國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)者的生活水平與消費(fèi),進(jìn)而對(duì)兩國(guó)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型產(chǎn)生一定的影響。
[Abstract]:The 14-19 century is the transition period of human society from agricultural economy to capitalist economy. As an important phenomenon in the course of agricultural economic development, land rent has undergone great changes in the process of transformation from agricultural society to capitalist society. A comparative study of the changes in land rent and land rent between China and Britain in the 14-19 century is beneficial to the understanding of the difference between the two countries in the process of this drastic social change. In terms of the form of government rent, the rent of China and Britain includes the rent of servile land, the rent of real land and the rent of money, and so on, and then reveals the reasons and manifestations of the differences in social development between the two countries in modern times, such as servile land rent, real land rent and monetary land rent. And the proportion of servile land rent is relatively small. Although the Ming and Qing dynasties China has already appeared the monetary land rent, but the physical land rent still occupies the dominant position. In the same time Britain, the money land rent is the main form of land rent. There is also the pledge rent in China. There are several special types of government rent, such as pre-rent, and there are many additional rents and Gonna, which shows the diversity of the ways in which the landowner class exploits the peasant class. With the development of the commodity economy, the amount of land rent per unit area of the two countries has increased, and the monetary land rent has also developed considerably. The difference is that, The main form of land rent in China is still physical land rent, but there is a change from divided land rent to fixed rent, and the proportion of fixed rent in real land rent has increased. There are also chartered rents and preleases. Britain is marked by the growing share of monetary land rent and the extension of land tenure. In terms of regional differences in land rent between the two countries, China is more distinct and diversified because of its larger land area. In terms of land rent per unit of land area, it presents the basic characteristics of north, low and south high. From the point of view of the form of land rent, In the Northeast and South of Qing Dynasty, the proportion of monetary land rent and fixed rent was higher, while in the Yellow River Basin and northwestern China, the split system of physical rent was dominant. In the southwest, there were still more servile land rents, while in England, there was still more servile land rent. Regional differences are smaller than in China. But also because of the terrain and the degree of land development, in some areas and cities where the commodity economy is more developed, monetary land rent occupies an absolute position. The amount of government rent per unit area of land is also relatively high. In Wales and the economically backward areas of the north-west, the amount of land rent is relatively small. China and Britain both rose in the 14-19 century. China's government rent is rising from north to south, while Britain's is gradually increasing from northwest to southeast. China's government rent rate is about 50%. It's about half as much as the British government rent rate of 33% over the same period. This shows that Chinese landowners are more exploitative of sharecroppers. Similarly, in terms of interest rates, China's interest rate of 12% to 15% is higher than the British interest rate of about 6%. The difference between China and the United Kingdom in terms of land rent patterns and changes in land rent is a manifestation of the differences in natural economic conditions and social management patterns between the two countries. At the same time, it shows that the impact of commodity economy on the agricultural economy of the two countries is different, which affects the living standard and consumption of agricultural workers in the two countries, and then has a certain impact on the social and economic transformation of the two countries.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F301.4;K107

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

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本文編號(hào)：1563456