【摘要】：雷竹(Phyllostachys violascens)隸屬于禾本科竹亞科剛竹屬,具有出筍早、筍期長、成林快、品質(zhì)優(yōu)良等特點(diǎn),是一種優(yōu)良的筍用竹種,廣泛栽植于浙江、江蘇、江西等地。上世紀(jì)90年代以來,雷竹主產(chǎn)區(qū)推廣了大量施肥和冬季有機(jī)材料覆蓋相結(jié)合的竹筍早出技術(shù),明顯提前了雷竹的出筍日期和提高了竹筍產(chǎn)量,帶來顯著的竹林經(jīng)營經(jīng)濟(jì)。但不合理的施肥措施以及長期持續(xù)的林地覆蓋導(dǎo)致雷竹林土壤退化,嚴(yán)重不利于竹林經(jīng)營的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。為揭示雷竹的氮素養(yǎng)分利用特性及其林地覆蓋效應(yīng),為雷竹林氮素科學(xué)補(bǔ)充提供理論參考,開展了氮素形態(tài)及配比對(duì)雷竹生理代謝及主要養(yǎng)分積累、覆蓋經(jīng)營對(duì)雷竹林土壤氮素賦存形態(tài)及硝化和反硝化作用、覆蓋措施對(duì)雷竹林土壤硝化和反硝化作用及雷竹氮素傳輸?shù)挠绊懙妊芯�。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1氮素形態(tài)及配比對(duì)雷竹光合特性及主要氮代謝酶的影響通過設(shè)置NO_3~--N/NH_4~+-N比例為1:0、2:1、1:1、1:2、0:1的5個(gè)控制實(shí)驗(yàn)處理,研究表明同一氮素含量供應(yīng)水平下,隨著氮素供應(yīng)中NH_4~+-N比例的增加,雷竹葉片的Chla、Chlb、Car含量和P_n、G_s、T_r均呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢,硝銨比1:2處理明顯高于其他處理,而Ci出現(xiàn)相反的變化規(guī)律,在硝銨比1:2處理時(shí)明顯低于其他處理;NR、GS活性隨NH_4~+-N比例的增加也呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢,NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N混合營養(yǎng)的處理間則無顯著差異,但高于單一氮素形態(tài)的營養(yǎng)處理。綜合分析認(rèn)為雷竹為弱喜銨植物,硝銨混合營養(yǎng)能促進(jìn)雷竹光合作用和氮同化能力的提高。2氮素形態(tài)及配比對(duì)雷竹抗氧化系統(tǒng)的影響同一氮素含量供應(yīng)水平下,相同的硝銨比例處理下,雷竹葉片的丙二醛、可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量和抗氧化酶活性均高于細(xì)根,即相比于細(xì)根,雷竹葉片抗氧化系統(tǒng)對(duì)氮素營養(yǎng)的響應(yīng)更加敏感�；旌系匦螒B(tài)營養(yǎng)供應(yīng)的雷竹葉片和細(xì)根的丙二醛含量較單一氮素形態(tài)供應(yīng)低,而且可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量和抗氧化酶活性均能維持在較高水平,說明混合氮素形態(tài)營養(yǎng)處理下雷竹受到的膜脂過氧化程度較低,抗逆性較強(qiáng)。同一氮素含量供應(yīng)水平下,不同形態(tài)氮素營養(yǎng)處理對(duì)雷竹葉片和細(xì)根的C含量沒有顯著影響,但顯著影響N、P元素含量和C、N、P化學(xué)計(jì)量比及其異速生長關(guān)系。隨著氮素供應(yīng)中NH_4~+-N比例的增加,雷竹葉片和細(xì)根的C含量變化不明顯,N、P含量均呈倒“V”型變化,在硝銨比為1:1、1:2時(shí)顯著高于其他處理;葉片和細(xì)根的C:N、C:P、N:P總體上呈降低趨勢,表明葉片和細(xì)根的生長速率提高;葉片和細(xì)根N與C、N與P的Ⅱ類回歸斜率也呈先降低后升高的倒“V”型變化,且硝銨比為1:1、1:2時(shí)斜率顯著增大,表明在相同N增量條件下,雷竹葉片和細(xì)根的C、P有更多的積累量。4覆蓋經(jīng)營年限對(duì)雷竹林土壤氮素賦存形態(tài)的影響通過對(duì)覆蓋1年、3年、5年和不覆蓋雷竹林土壤的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量及硝銨比研究表明,在時(shí)間尺度上,雷竹林土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量及硝銨比存在明顯的季節(jié)性差異,其中土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量隨著一年中時(shí)間的推移先降低后升高,土壤硝銨比則相反,隨時(shí)間的推移呈先升高后降低的趨勢。在空間尺度上,隨著雷竹林土層深度的增加,雷竹林土壤NH_4~+-N含量呈降低趨勢,具表聚性現(xiàn)象;NO_3~--N含量覆蓋1年雷竹林表現(xiàn)為底層積聚,覆蓋3年、5年雷竹林則具表聚性現(xiàn)象。與不覆蓋雷竹林相比,覆蓋1年雷竹林土壤硝銨比增大,NO_3~--N是土壤無機(jī)氮主要存在形式,而覆蓋3年、5年雷竹林土壤NH_4~+-N比重增加,形成以銨態(tài)氮為主要無機(jī)態(tài)氮的“富營養(yǎng)生境”。5覆蓋經(jīng)營年限對(duì)雷竹林土壤硝化和反硝化作用的影響通過對(duì)覆蓋1年、3年、5年和不覆蓋雷竹林土壤硝化速率和反硝化速率的研究表明,覆蓋經(jīng)營年限和季節(jié)具有交互作用,均對(duì)雷竹林土壤硝化速率有顯著影響。隨著覆蓋年限延長,各實(shí)驗(yàn)雷竹林不同季節(jié)的土壤硝化速率呈逐漸降低的趨勢;雷竹林土壤硝化速率與氮源的相關(guān)性關(guān)系弱化,但與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)及其他物理性狀因子的相關(guān)性關(guān)系呈增強(qiáng)趨勢。不同覆蓋經(jīng)營年限雷竹林不同季節(jié)的土壤反硝化速率總體上變化并不明顯,僅7月和9月覆蓋5年雷竹林土壤反硝化速率顯著高于其他覆蓋經(jīng)營年限雷竹林,說明長期覆蓋經(jīng)營會(huì)提高雷竹林土壤反硝化作用,造成林地氮素以氧化亞氮等氣體形式損失。3氮素形態(tài)及配比對(duì)雷竹養(yǎng)分化學(xué)計(jì)量特征的影響6覆蓋措施對(duì)雷竹林土壤硝化和反硝化作用的影響覆蓋措施和覆蓋時(shí)間對(duì)雷竹林土壤硝化和反硝化作用均有顯著影響,而且兩者存在明顯的交互作用;覆蓋能促進(jìn)雷竹林土壤反硝化作用,但長時(shí)間覆蓋會(huì)抑制雷竹林土壤硝化作用;覆蓋總體上會(huì)降低雷竹林土壤硝化速率、反硝化速率與土壤理化性質(zhì)的相關(guān)性程度,土壤環(huán)境影響因子具有多樣和復(fù)雜的變化趨勢;影響覆蓋雷竹林土壤硝化速率的主要環(huán)境因子是土壤含水量、p H值、NH_4~+-N含量和總孔隙度,影響土壤反硝化速率的主要環(huán)境因子是土壤含水量、p H值和總孔隙度。7覆蓋措施對(duì)雷竹氮素傳輸?shù)挠绊懜采w措施能促進(jìn)雷竹自身對(duì)氮素養(yǎng)分的吸收利用,一定程度上減少了氮素養(yǎng)分的傳輸,也即雷竹林養(yǎng)分生理整合功能減弱。實(shí)驗(yàn)雷竹林土壤氮素養(yǎng)分豐盈的背景及竹林強(qiáng)度經(jīng)營導(dǎo)致的地下鞭系統(tǒng)克隆片段化可能對(duì)養(yǎng)分生理整合功能會(huì)產(chǎn)生明顯的影響。
[Abstract]:Phyllostachys violascens belongs to the subfamily Phyllostachys of Gramineae. It has the characteristics of early shooting, long shooting period, fast planting and good quality. It is a good shoot bamboo species, widely planted in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and other places. Since 1990s, a large number of fertilization and winter organic material mulching have been popularized in the main producing areas of Phyllostachys. The early emergence of bamboo shoots obviously advanced the date of bamboo shoot emergence and increased the yield of bamboo shoots, which brought about remarkable economic benefits for bamboo forest management. The effects of Mulching on soil nitrogen forms, nitrification and denitrification, and the effects of Mulching on soil nitrification and denitrification and nitrogen transport were studied. The main results are as follows: 1. The effects of nitrogen forms and ratios on Photosynthetic Characteristics and main nitrogen metabolic enzymes of Phyllostachys praecox were studied by five controlled experimental treatments with the ratio of NO_3~--N/NH_4~+-N of 1:0,2:1,1:1,1:2,0:1. The results showed that under the same nitrogen supply level, with the increase of the ratio of NH_4~+-N in the leaf of Phyllostachys praecox. The content of la, Chlb, Car and P_n, G_s and T_r increased first and then decreased. The ratio of ammonium nitrate to ammonium nitrate 1:2 was significantly higher than that of other treatments, but Ci showed the opposite change rule, which was obviously lower than that of other treatments when the ratio of ammonium nitrate to ammonium nitrate was 1:2. The activity of NR and GS increased first and then decreased with the ratio of NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N. There was no significant difference among the treatments, but it was higher than the nutrient treatments with a single nitrogen form. Comprehensive analysis showed that Phyllostachys thunbergii was a weak ammonium-like plant. Mixed nutrition of ammonium nitrate could promote photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation of Phyllostachys thunbergii. 2 Nitrogen forms and ratios affected the antioxidant system of Phyllostachys thunbergii at the same nitrogen supply level. The MDA content, soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of Phyllostachys praecox were higher than those in fine roots, that is to say, the antioxidant system in leaves of Phyllostachys praecox was more sensitive to nitrogen nutrition than that in fine roots. Both soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activity could be maintained at a higher level, indicating that the membrane lipid peroxidation and stress resistance of Phyllostachys praecox were lower under mixed nitrogen form nutrition treatment. The contents of N, P and C, N, P in leaves and roots of Phyllostachys thunbergii showed an inverted V-shaped change with the increase of NH_4~+-N ratio in nitrogen supply, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments when the ratio of nitrate to ammonium was 1:1, 1:2, and the contents of C: N, C: P, N: P in leaves and roots decreased as a whole. The results showed that the growth rate of leaves and fine roots increased, and the regression slopes of N and C, N and P in leaves and fine roots decreased first and then increased, and the slopes increased significantly when the ratio of ammonium nitrate to ammonium nitrate was 1:1,1:2, indicating that under the same N increment conditions, the accumulation of C and P in leaves and fine roots increased. Effects of nitrogen forms on NH_4~+-N, NO_3~-N contents and NH_4~+-N, NO_3~-N ratios in soils covered with 1, 3, 5 and uncovered thunder bamboo forests were studied. The results showed that there were significant seasonal differences in NH_4~+-N, NO_3~-N contents and NH_4~+-N ratios in the soil of thunder bamboo forests on the time scale. On the spatial scale, with the increase of soil depth, the soil NH_4~ + - N content in the Phyllostachys praecox forest showed a decreasing trend and a surface accumulation phenomenon; the soil NH_3~ - N content in the Phyllostachys praecox forest covered for one year showed a bottom accumulation, covering for three years, covering for five years showed a bottom accumulation. Compared with non-mulched Phyllostachys praecox forest, the ratio of soil ammonium nitrate to ammonium nitrate increased in one year mulched Phyllostachys praecox forest, and NO_3~--N was the main form of soil inorganic nitrogen, while the proportion of soil NH_4~ + - N increased in three and five years mulched Phyllostachys praecox forest, forming "eutrophic habitat" in which ammonium nitrogen was the main inorganic nitrogen. Nitrification and denitrification rates of soils covered with 1,3,5-year mulch and uncovered bamboo forests were studied. The results showed that mulching years and seasons had interactive effects on soil nitrification rates of bamboo forests. The correlation between soil nitrification rate and nitrogen source was weakened, but the correlation with soil organic matter and other physical properties was strengthened. The soil denitrification rate did not change significantly in different seasons under different mulching years, except in July and September, when the soil was covered for 5 years. Soil denitrification rate was significantly higher than that of other mulching years of Phyllostachys thunbergii forest, indicating that long-term mulching would increase soil denitrification, resulting in nitrogen loss in the form of nitrogen oxides and other gases. 3 Nitrogen forms and ratios of Phyllostachys thunbergii nutrient differentiation stoichiometric characteristics of the impact of 6 Mulching Measures on soil nitrification and denitrification of Phyllostachys thunbergii forest The effects of mulching measures and mulching time on soil nitrification and denitrification of Phyllostachys praecox plantation were significant, and there was a significant interaction between them; mulching could promote soil denitrification of Phyllostachys praecox plantation, but long-term mulching could inhibit soil nitrification of Phyllostachys praecox plantation; mulching could reduce soil nitrification rate and denitrification of Phyllostachys praecox plantation The correlation degree between soil physical and chemical properties and soil environmental impact factors are various and complex. The main environmental factors affecting soil nitrification rate of mulched Phyllostachys praecox forest are soil water content, P H value, NH_4~+-N content and total porosity. The main environmental factors affecting soil denitrification rate are soil water content, P H value. Effects of Mulching Measures on nitrogen transport in Phyllostachys praecox Fragmentation of the flagellum system may have a significant effect on the physiological integration function of nutrients.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S795

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