本文關(guān)鍵詞：我國預包裝食品糖含量分析及其在人群糖攝入量評估中的應用　出處：《中國疾病預防控制中心》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 含糖預包裝食品 總糖 攝入量

【摘要】：研究背景和目的近年來糖過量攝入對機體健康造成的影響引起了國內(nèi)外廣泛的關(guān)注,包括但不局限于與增加代謝性疾病、心血管疾病、齲齒等疾病的發(fā)病風險的關(guān)系[1,2,3]。為此,世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)建議人們在整個生命歷程中要減少游離糖(Free Sugar)的攝入,成人和兒童游離糖日攝入量控制在供能比10%以內(nèi);如能進一步將其降低于5%,會給健康帶來更多益處[4]。我國在最新發(fā)布的《中國居民膳食指南(2016)》[5]中也指出,居民要控制添加糖(Added Sugar)的攝入量,建議不超過50 g/d,最好控制在25 g/d以下,由此可見及時掌握居民糖攝入水平顯得十分重要。從概念上講,添加糖是指在食品加工和制備中添加的糖成分或者添加于餐桌食物中的糖[4];游離糖是指生產(chǎn)商、廚師或消費者在食品中添加的單糖和雙糖以及天然存在于蜂蜜、糖漿、果汁和濃縮果汁中的糖分[4],盡管兩個關(guān)于糖的概念所包含糖的種類和來源有所不同,這可能受到分析技術(shù)的影響,但是都表達了除天然食物以外在食品加工過程中額外加入了糖的涵義。近年來隨著國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展和居民生活水平的提高,含糖的預包裝食品(以下簡稱為“含糖食品”)消費水平不斷增加,因此除天然食物和烹調(diào)用糖外,含糖食品的消費也成為重要的糖攝入來源,然而由于缺少預包裝食品糖成分含量數(shù)據(jù),到目前為止我國關(guān)于來自預包裝食品的糖攝入水平評估研究較少,盡管劉素等[6]曾報告了我國居民糖攝入水平,但其所采用的食品糖含量數(shù)據(jù)基本來自于美國食物成分數(shù)據(jù)庫,因此可能存在一定偏差。為此本研究旨在:1.在確立適合預包裝食品半乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、乳糖、麥芽糖測定的分析技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,完成8類含糖食品的糖含量測定及分布統(tǒng)計;2.結(jié)合15個省居民膳食調(diào)查中預包裝食品消費數(shù)據(jù),對來自預包裝食品中糖攝入水平進行評估。研究方法1預包裝食品糖含量測定1.1樣品采集:根據(jù)食品分類、口味、工藝,確立對八類含糖預包裝食品進行采樣,采樣地點選擇北京市物流量較大的綜合超市,采樣品種根據(jù)同類食品市場占有率排行或消費頻率,選擇排行靠前的品牌產(chǎn)品,最終確定樣品為飲料類82個,餅干類53個,面包類28個,糕點類44個,乳和乳制品類63個,糖和糖果類16個,即食甜食類47個,水果類制品25個(其中餅干、即食甜食、乳和乳制品和飲料類中含有部分聲稱為“無糖”、“低糖”或“低蔗糖”的食品);每個樣品均按照≥3個批次,每個批次≥3個包裝進行抽樣,按照等質(zhì)等量原則進行混勻分裝后待測。另外采集部分聲稱為“無糖”、“低糖”或“無蔗糖”的食品。1.2樣品糖含量測定:建立半乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、乳糖、麥芽糖同時在線測定的離子交換色譜法,按照方法學對方法線性范圍、準確性、重現(xiàn)性、檢出限等參數(shù)進行評估。在此基礎(chǔ)上完成各類食品中6種單體糖含量測定,并計算糖含量總和(以下簡稱“總糖”)。1.3統(tǒng)計分析:按照食品工藝、口味對各類食品進行進一步的亞類分層,統(tǒng)計各類(包括亞類)食品糖含量水平分布情況;按照同類比較原則與美國食物成分數(shù)據(jù)庫中糖含量進行比較;所有進行糖含量聲稱的樣品與《食品安全國家標準預包裝食品營養(yǎng)標簽通則》(GB 28050)相關(guān)規(guī)定進行比較,判斷糖含量聲稱的符合性。2預包裝食品糖含量數(shù)據(jù)在居民糖攝入量評估中的應用2.1被調(diào)查人群的確立:根據(jù)2015年“中國健康與營養(yǎng)調(diào)查”項目在遼寧、江蘇、山東、河南、湖北、湖南、廣西壯族自治區(qū)、貴州、黑龍江、北京、上海、重慶、山西、浙江和云南15個調(diào)查區(qū)居民的膳食調(diào)查記錄(3天24小時膳食回顧法),篩選有一次及以上含糖預包裝食品消費記錄的6歲及以上居民為“含糖食品消費人群”,作為糖攝入量評估的被調(diào)查人群。2.2來自預包裝食品的糖攝入量評估:根據(jù)被調(diào)查人群飲料、餅干、面包、糕點、純牛乳、乳制品、即食甜食、糖和糖果以及水果制品等9類預包裝食品消費量記錄,統(tǒng)計各類含糖食品有消費記錄的人數(shù)占被調(diào)查含糖食品消費人群總數(shù)的百分比;根據(jù)各類含糖食品消費量乘以相應的糖含量賦值,累積統(tǒng)計各單體糖及總糖的攝入水平;以及不同類型食品消費人群所獲得的糖攝入量水平,并分析年齡、性別對含糖食品消費趨勢的差異。所有統(tǒng)計采用SAS 9.2軟件進行分析。研究結(jié)果1.檢測方法的確立通過對糖測定方法的建立,確立了基本檢測流程,即樣品經(jīng)石油醚去除脂肪,乙酸鋅和亞鐵氰化鉀去除蛋白質(zhì)后,經(jīng)固相萃取柱去除鋅離子,應用離子色譜分離定量測定,精密度相對標準偏差均小于10%,回收率在97.6%～104.6%之間,檢出限低于0.06 mg/L,證明所建立方法可以用于食品糖含量的精準測定。2.各類含糖預包裝食品總糖和各單體糖含量及分布本研究共完成飲料類、餅干類、面包類、糕點類、乳和乳制品類、即食甜食類、糖和糖果類和水果制品類等8類358個樣品的糖含量分析,結(jié)果顯示(平均數(shù)),各類食品受到食品類別、工藝、口味的影響糖含量分布差異較大,其中即食甜食類總糖含量范圍為1.67～69.1 g/100g,以蔗糖含量水平最高;液體飲料類總糖含量范圍為2.20～11.5g/100g(mL),以葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖為主,咖啡飲料、蛋白飲料、奶茶等飲料中含有部分乳糖;乳和乳制品類糖組分分布差異較大(6.06～46.0g/100g),純牛乳中主要含有天然來源的乳糖(5.89g/100mL),舒化奶中乳糖經(jīng)過分解后含有較多的半乳糖和葡萄糖,調(diào)味乳和其它乳制品中除含有部分天然乳糖,還增加較多的蔗糖成分;餅干類總糖含量范圍為2.39～27.2 g/100g;糕點類總糖含糖范圍為10.5～26.8 g/100g,面包類總糖含量范圍為7.97～18.0 g/100g,餅干、糕點和面包類食品中主要的單體糖成分為蔗糖,面包中麥芽糖含量較高,奶油夾心類的食品中乳糖含量較高;糖和糖果類總糖含量范圍為28.8～73.0 g/100g,除蜂蜜中葡萄糖和果糖含量較高,其它均含有較高的蔗糖;水果制品類總糖含量范圍為11.6～65.9g/100g,該類食品中葡萄糖和果糖是主要的單體糖成分。以上結(jié)果說明,在描述各類食品糖含量水平時,除基本的食品分類外,還應根據(jù)工藝、口味等因素進行進一步的亞類劃分,才可更為精確地描述各(亞類)食品糖含量的集中趨勢。通過與美國同類食品的總糖含量的比較,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),本研究獲得的冰激凌、糕點和非夾心餅干類食品總糖含量明顯低于美國同類食品(pK0.05),而全麥面包、發(fā)酵餅干和原味酸奶的總糖含量高于美國同類食品(p0.05)。3.居民含糖食品消費狀況和糖攝入量評估2015年《中國健康與營養(yǎng)調(diào)查》共包括15個省17660名居民(男性8421名,女性9239名),其中有1次以上含糖預包裝食品消費記錄的人群共5980名(男性2685名,女性3295名),占總?cè)藬?shù)的33.9%,女性比例略高于男性(分別為35.7%和31.9%,p0.001)。在這些含糖食品消費人群(5980名)中,純牛乳類消費人群構(gòu)成比最高(44.2%),其次為面包類(28.5%)、糕點類(23.8%)和乳制品類(22.2%)食品。根據(jù)每類食品的消費量和糖含量水平,計算獲得來自預包裝食品的總糖攝入量中位數(shù)為10.5g/d,其中蔗糖的攝入水平中位數(shù)為4.0g/d,其次是乳糖3.9g/d,與食品消費構(gòu)成有關(guān)。總糖上四分位數(shù)(P75)和下四分位數(shù)(P25)分別為5.1 g/d和19.0 g/d,其中有15.8%含糖食品消費人群(945名)總糖攝入水平超過25 g/d。不同年齡組間,6-17歲、18-44歲、45-59歲和60歲及以上總糖攝入量中位數(shù)分別為11.6g/d、10.2g/d、10.1g/d、11.0g/d,以6-17歲和60歲及以上人群總糖攝入量最高(p0.001),男女性別間總糖攝入水平差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。4.各類食品消費人群糖攝入狀況由于消費人群對各類食品消費選擇的差異較大,本研究也進一步分析了各類食品消費人群由該類食品獲得的糖攝入水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)選擇乳類制品的消費者糖攝入量為9.3 g/d,選擇水果制品類的消費者總糖攝入量為8.3 g/d,選擇糕點類的消費者總糖攝入量為7.1 g/d;不同年齡人群在食品類別選擇上有一定傾向性,6-17歲和18-44歲人群更愿意選擇純牛乳和面包,60歲及以上人群更愿意選擇純牛乳和糕點(p0.05)。結(jié)論1.本研究測定分析了大量含糖預包裝食品中半乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、乳糖和麥芽糖的含量,首次根據(jù)食品分類、工藝、口味建立了含糖預包裝食品糖含量分布,為我國的糖攝入量評估及其與健康關(guān)系的研究等提供數(shù)據(jù)依據(jù)。2.我國與美國同類含糖食品的總糖含量相比,冰激凌、面包、餅干、糕點和原味酸奶的總糖含量均存在統(tǒng)計學差異,因此我國含糖食品的糖含量數(shù)據(jù)更適用于評估我國居民糖攝入水平。3.我國6歲及以上含糖食品消費居民總糖的攝入水平中位數(shù)為10.5g/d,其中蔗糖是我國居民從含糖預包裝食品中攝入較多的單體糖,其次為乳糖。2015年我國含糖預包裝食品的消費人群百分比為33.9%,女性消費人群百分比高于男性。純牛乳類、面包類、糕點類和乳制品類食品的消費人群較多。
[Abstract]:Background and objective in recent years, excessive intake of sugar impact on health has aroused wide attention at home and abroad, including but not limited to, with the increase of metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, risk of dental caries [1,2,3]. diseases such as this, the WHO (WHO) advise people to reduce sugar free throughout the life course (Free Sugar) intake, daily intake of adults and children with free sugar control in the energy supply ratio is less than 10%; if you can further be reduced to 5%, will bring more benefits in the [4]. of China's dietary guidelines China residents released the latest "to health (2016) >[5] also pointed out that the residents to control the added sugar (Added Sugar) recommended intake, not more than 50 g/d, the best control in less than 25 g/d, thus grasp the sugar intake level of residents is very important. Conceptually, add sugar refers to the food processing and preparation Add the sugar component or add to the table of food in the sugar free sugar [4]; refers to the producers or consumers, cook food supplements and natural monosaccharides and disaccharides in honey, syrup, juice and concentrated juice sugar in [4], although the types and sources of the two concepts on the sugar contained sugar this may be different, analysis of the impact of technology, but expressed in natural foods other than in food processing added sugar meaning. In recent years with the rapid development of domestic economy and the improvement of living standards, the pre packaged food containing sugar (hereinafter referred to as "sugary foods") consumption level continue to increase, so in addition to natural food and cooking with sugar, sugar containing food consumption has become an important source of sugar intake, but due to the lack of food and sugar content pre packaging data, so far our country about to Since the pre packaged food intake of sugar less to assess the level of research, although Liu Su [6] had reported residents of China's sugar intake, but the sugar content of the basic data of food from the United States food composition database, so there may be some deviation. This study aims to: 1. in the establishment of pre packaged food for galactose. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose determination analysis technique based on the completion of 8 kinds of food containing sugar sugar content and distribution measurement statistics; 15 provinces with 2. residents in the dietary survey of pre packaged food consumption data from the pre packaged food intake of sugar levels were assessed. 1.1 samples were collected by 1 methods pre packaged food sugar content: according to the classification of food, taste, technology, the establishment of eight kinds of sugar containing pre packaged food samples, selection of Beijing city logistics volume larger integrated supermarket site sampling, sampling varieties According to the similar food market share ranking or consumption frequency, select the top ranked brand products, and ultimately determine the samples for 82 drinks, biscuits 53, bread 28, pastry 44, milk and dairy products 63, sugar candy and sweets instant class 16, class 47, fruit the 25 kind of products (including biscuits, instant sweets, milk and dairy products and beverages contain some claiming to be "sugar free", "low sugar" or "low sugar food); each sample in accordance with more than 3 batches, each batch of more than 3 packages were sampled according to the mixed packing after the test of the principle of equal quality. In addition acquisition claiming to be" sugar free "," determination of low sugar or sugar free foods.1.2 sample: the establishment of sugar content of galactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose on-line simultaneous determination of ion exchange chromatography, in accordance with the method of linear method The range, accuracy, reproducibility and detection limit parameters for evaluation. Complete the determination of 6 kinds of single sugar content in all kinds of foods on the basis of this, and calculate the total sugar content (hereinafter referred to as "sugar").1.3 statistical analysis: according to the food process, sub categories of all kinds of food taste stratification further, statistics (including various subtypes) distribution of food sugar levels; according to similar comparison principle with the United States food composition database of sugar content were compared; all of the samples and the sugar content that "the national food safety standards of pre packaged food nutrition label general > (GB 28050) the relevant provisions of comparison, judgment with the establishment of sugar content claims.2 sugar content of food packaging pre data application in the assessment of sugar intake in 2.1 residents surveyed the crowd: according to the 2015" Chinese health and nutrition survey project in Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Lake North, Hunan, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shanxi, Zhejiang and Yunnan 15 survey area residents dietary survey record (3 days and 24 hour dietary recall method), were once more sugary and pre packaged food consumption records of residents aged 6 years and above as "food containing sugar. Consumer groups, as the sugar intake assessment was used to evaluate the sugar intake among.2.2 from pre packaged food: according to the surveyed population drinks, biscuits, bread, pastry, pure milk, dairy products, instant sugar and sweets, candy and fruit products of 9 kinds of pre packaged food consumption records and statistics of all kinds of food containing sugar. The number of records of consumption percentage of the surveyed sugary food consumption of the total population; according to all kinds of food containing sugar consumption value multiplied by the corresponding sugar content, cumulative statistics of each single sugar and total sugar intake levels and different types; The type of food consumption among sugar intake levels, and analysis of age, gender differences on sugary food consumption trends. All statistics were analyzed by SAS 9.2 software. Results of the 1. detection methods established by to establish a method for determination of sugar, established the basic detection process, the sample with petroleum ether to remove fat, zinc acetate and potassium ferrocyanide after removal of protein, by solid phase extraction column to remove zinc ions, separation and determination of the quantitative application of ion chromatography, the precision of the relative standard deviation was less than 10%, the recovery rate was 97.6% ~ 104.6%, the detection limit lower than 0.06 mg/L, proved that the established method can be used for the accurate determination of sugar content of food containing sugar.2. pre packaged food total sugar and each single sugar content and distribution of this research completed beverages, biscuits, bread, cakes, milk and dairy products, ready to eat sweets, sugar and sweets and fruits Analysis of sugar content in products such as the 8 class of 358 samples, the results showed that (in average), all kinds of food by food category, process, the effect of sugar content distribution is quite different flavors, including instant sweets like the total sugar content is 1.67 ~ 69.1 g/100g, with the highest level of sucrose content; total sugar content of liquid beverages the range is 2.20 to 11.5g/100g (mL), glucose, fructose, sucrose, coffee drinks, protein drinks, tea and other drinks containing lactose; milk and dairy products like sugar component distribution differences (6.06 ~ 46.0g/100g), pure milk contains a natural source of lactose, lactose Shu (5.89g/100mL) milk after decomposition contains a lot of galactose and glucose, flavored milk and other dairy products in addition to containing natural lactose, sucrose added ingredients; biscuit total sugar content was in the range of 2.39 ~ 27.2 g/100g; total sugar sugar cake The range is 10.5 ~ 26.8 g/100g, bread total sugar content ranged from 7.97 to 18 g/100g, biscuits, pastries and bakery products in the main monomer sugars sucrose, high maltose content in bread and butter sandwich, higher lactose content of foods; candy sugar and total sugar content ranged from 28.8 to 73 g/100g, in addition to high glucose and fructose content in honey, other contain more sugar; fruit products of total sugar content in the range of 11.6 ~ 65.9g/100g, glucose and fructose in food is the main component of sugar monomers. The above results showed that, in the description of all kinds of food sugar levels, in addition to the basic categories of food also, according to the process, taste factors such as subdivision further, it can more accurately describe the central tendency (subgroup) sugar content of food. By comparing the total sugar content and the kind of food that can be made Now, the research of ice cream, cakes and biscuits sandwich the total sugar content was significantly lower than that of the United States (pK0.05), and similar food whole wheat bread, the total sugar content of yogurt fermented biscuit and similar food is higher than in the United States (P0.05).3. residents food containing sugar consumption and sugar intake and health assessment in 2015 < Chinese Nutrition Survey > including a total of 15 17660 inhabitants (8421 males, 9239 females), which has more than 1 sugar pre packaged food consumption recorded a total of 5980 people (2685 male, 3295 female), the total number of 33.9%, the proportion of women than men (35.7% and 31.9%, p0.001). In these sugary food consumption crowd (5980), which is the highest in pure milk consumer groups (44.2%), followed by bread pastry (28.5%), (23.8%) and dairy products (22.2%). According to the food consumption of each kind of food and sugar levels The median total sugar intake, calculated from the pre packaged food is 10.5g/d, the median intake levels of sucrose was 4.0g/d, followed by 3.9g/d lactose, relating to food consumption. Total sugar on the four percentile (P75) and four percentile (P25) were 5.1 g/d and 19 g/d, including 15.8% with sugar food consumer groups (945) of total sugar intake levels of more than 25 g/d. among different age groups, 6-17 years, 18-44 years, 45-59 years and 60 years of age and above the median total sugar intake were 11.6g/d, 10.2g/d, 10.1g/d, 11.0g/d, 6-17 and 60 years old and above population total sugar intake was highest (p0.001). The sex between total sugar intake level was no significant difference in.4. of various types of food consumption sugar intake status due to large differences in consumer groups of all kinds of food consumption, this study also further analyzed the various types of food consumer groups obtained by this kind of food Sugar intake, selection of dairy products to consumers of sugar intake was 9.3 g/d, a selection of fruit products to consumers of total sugar intake was 8.3 g/d, the consumer choice of pastry total sugar intake was 7.1 g/d; different age groups have certain tendency in the food category selection, 6-17 and 18-44 years old people are more willing to choose pure milk and bread, people aged 60 and above are more willing to choose pure milk and cakes (P0.05). 1. this study conclusion the determination analysis of a large number of pre packaged food containing sugar galactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose and maltose content, for the first time according to the classification of food, craft, taste sugar pre established the distribution of sugar content of food packaging, compared to assess the sugar intake of our total sugar content of sugar containing food and its relation with health research to provide the data basis for.2. in China with the same kind of ice cream, bread, biscuits and cakes. The total sugar content of yogurt showed significant difference, so the sugar content data of China's sugar food is more suitable for the assessment of intake of Chinese residents median sugar intake levels of.3. aged 6 and above in China sugar food consumption of total sugar is 10.5g/d, which is a single sugar sucrose in China from packaging the food intake of sugar in pre, followed by the percentage of lactose in China.2015 sugar pre packaged food consumption population was 33.9%. The percentage of female consumer groups than men. Pure milk, bread, pastry and dairy products more food consumption crowd.

【學位授予單位】：中國疾病預防控制中心
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：R151.42

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