本文關(guān)鍵詞： 高層建筑火災(zāi) 向上火蔓延 固體材料燃燒 水噴淋 滅火技術(shù)　出處：《中國科學技術(shù)大學》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：近年來,高層建筑火災(zāi)已成為危害城市居民人身和財產(chǎn)安全的重大災(zāi)害之一。高層建筑火災(zāi)中,建筑本身的結(jié)構(gòu)特性導致其火災(zāi)立體蔓延特性。建筑立體火蔓延一般可分為向上火蔓延、側(cè)向火蔓延以及向下火蔓延。其中,向上火蔓延是三種形式中最快速和嚴重的一類蔓延類型,在火災(zāi)安全研究中一直備受重視。研究其蔓延規(guī)律以及發(fā)展相應(yīng)的火災(zāi)防治技術(shù),是當前亟待解決的新問題。水噴淋是抑制建筑外立面火災(zāi)的有效手段之一,而高層建筑貯水有限且高層滅火供水困難,探索水噴淋抑制外立面火蔓延及滅火機理對建筑外墻水噴淋滅火系統(tǒng)研究具有重要意義。 本文旨在通過對豎直壁面上可燃材料的點燃、燃燒及火蔓延基本行為特征進行實驗研究,揭示豎直壁面火蔓延的基本規(guī)律,為噴淋滅火技術(shù)的提出及施加方式提供參考依據(jù)；在此基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計適用于豎直壁面燃燒及火蔓延場景的水噴淋系統(tǒng),實驗研究不同噴淋條件下噴淋滅火有效性及其影響規(guī)律,為發(fā)展實際可行的噴淋系統(tǒng)和優(yōu)化噴淋參數(shù)提供指導。具體的研究工作如下： 豎直壁面可燃材料燃燒及火蔓延規(guī)律研究。通過對可燃物的點燃、燃燒及火蔓延過程進行理論分析,建立點燃時間與外界加熱強度的理論模型,并對理論模型進行實驗驗證。燃燒及火蔓延方面,從傳統(tǒng)火蔓延基本理論出發(fā),分析平均火焰高度與熱釋放速率關(guān)系,討論火蔓延過程中平均火焰高度與平均熱解前鋒高度的理論關(guān)系,對熱解前鋒高度位置隨時間變化的理論模型精確解進行分析,最后進行實驗驗證。 水噴淋抑制豎直壁面可燃材料燃燒及火蔓延規(guī)律研究。設(shè)計適用于所述燃燒及火蔓延場景的水噴淋系統(tǒng)并用于噴淋滅火實驗研究,主要包括不同噴淋施加角度、噴淋壓力/流量等條件對滅火行為的影響。結(jié)果顯示對于燃燒的抑制過程,噴淋液滴對豎直壁面可燃物燃燒表面的冷卻作用是噴淋抑制固體材料熱解和燃燒的主要機理,噴淋施加角度會影響噴淋液滴與燃燒表面的“有效作用面積”,導致燃料熄滅時間隨噴淋施加角度的增加而減小。對于較大高寬比的火蔓延過程,噴淋抑制火蔓延主要靠噴淋液滴在燃燒表面形成的水成膜以及液膜在壁面上的流動換熱來實現(xiàn)。實驗結(jié)果顯示,噴淋水成膜滅火時間隨噴淋流量的增加而減小。另外,為對實驗研究進行補充并驗證實驗結(jié)果,采用數(shù)值計算方法對豎直火蔓延及噴淋滅火過程進行研究。獲取火蔓延過程中豎直壁面表面溫度、火焰高度、熱解高度等變化規(guī)律并與實驗結(jié)果進行對比,研究水噴淋對豎直壁面可燃材料點燃及火蔓延的影響規(guī)律,獲取噴淋抑制豎直壁面可燃材料燃燒的臨界流量等。 建筑外墻立面水噴淋滅火系統(tǒng)研究。依據(jù)理論分析和實驗研究結(jié)果,提出一種可以用于建筑豎直外墻立面滅火的噴淋系統(tǒng)設(shè)計方案。通過實驗研究分析了水幕噴淋的基本特性以及水流在建筑外墻豎直壁面上的流動情況。為改善水幕噴頭能量損失較明顯的問題,提出一種新型離心導流式消防水幕噴頭設(shè)計方案。在此基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計可用于建筑外墻立面滅火的水噴淋系統(tǒng)并定量分析其可行性。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the high-rise building fire hazard has become one of the major city residents personal and property safety. The high-rise building fire, the structure characteristics of the building itself caused the fire. The fire spread characteristic stereo stereo spread to the building can be divided into the fire spread, fire spread and fire spread down the side. The fire spread is to three kinds of the most rapid and severe type spread type, has always been of great importance in the fire safety research. Study the spread rules and the development of corresponding fire prevention and control technology, is a new problem to be solved. The water spray is one of the effective means to restrain the facade of the building fire, high-rise buildings and high-rise water storage Co. fire water supply difficulties, explore the water spray suppression facade fire spread and fire extinguishing mechanism has important significance for building exterior wall water sprinkler system.
This paper aims to light on the vertical wall surface of combustible materials, combustion and fire spread the basic behavioral characteristics of the experimental research, reveals the basic law of vertical wall fire spread, is proposed to provide reference for the sprinkler and applied technology; on this basis, the design of water spray system for vertical wall burning and spreading scene experimental study on the fire, under the condition of different spray sprinkler effectiveness and influence, to provide guidance for the development of practical sprinkler system and optimization of spray parameters. The specific studies are as follows:
The law of spread of the vertical wall surface burning of combustible materials and fire. Through the burning of the fuel, combustion and fire spread process of theoretical analysis, establish theoretical model of ignition time with an external heat intensity, and experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical model. The spread of burning and fire, the fire spread from the traditional basic theory, analysis of the average flame the height and heat release rate of fire spread process, discuss the theory of the relationship between the average flame height and average height of pyrolysis front, exact solutions of the theoretical model of the height of pyrolysis front changes with time are analyzed, finally verified by the experiment.
The spread of the law study on inhibition of vertical wall surface burning of combustible materials and fire water spray is designed. Water spray system in the combustion and fire scene and experimental study for sprinkler, including applying different spray angle, spray impact pressure / flow conditions on fire behavior. The results show that for the inhibition of the combustion process, spray the droplet on the vertical wall surface combustible surface cooling effect is the main mechanism of spray pyrolysis and combustion inhibition of solid materials, the spray applied angle will affect the spray droplet and the combustion surface of the "effective area", resulting in the increase of fuel spray quenching time with the applied angle decreases. For the large aspect ratio of the fire spread the process of spraying, inhibition of fire spread mainly by spraying liquid droplets in the aqueous film formed on the surface of the combustion and the film on the wall of the flow and heat transfer is achieved. Experimental results show that, Spray AFFF extinguishing time decreases with increasing flow rate. In addition, as a complement to experimental research and experimental results, by using the numerical method to study the vertical spread and spray fire extinguishing process. The vertical wall for fire spread process of surface temperature, flame height, height variation of pyrolysis and compared with the experimental results, Research on the influence of light vertical surface of combustible materials and fire spread the water spray, spray for suppressing combustion vertical surface of combustible materials critical flow.
Building facade water sprinkler system research. According to the results of theoretical analysis and experimental research, put forward a kind of can be used for building facade design of vertical fire sprinkler system. Through the experimental study of flow characteristics of water spray and water flow in the vertical wall on the wall. In order to improve the energy loss of a water curtain nozzle the obvious problem, puts forward a new type of centrifugal type fire water curtain nozzle design. Based on the quantitative analysis of the feasibility of the water spray system and design can be used for building exterior facade of the fire.

【學位授予單位】：中國科學技術(shù)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TU564;TU998.1

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