本文選題：政策性銀行 + 財(cái)政金融　； 參考：《中國(guó)財(cái)政科學(xué)研究院》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：從相關(guān)國(guó)家的實(shí)踐看,政策性銀行在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了舉足輕重的作用。它們?cè)诤暧^層面支撐了國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的實(shí)施,在微觀層面上滿足了農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和中小企業(yè)的金融服務(wù)需求,對(duì)于彌補(bǔ)商業(yè)性銀行的缺陷發(fā)揮了重要作用。在上世紀(jì)六七十年代,從世界各國(guó)的實(shí)踐看,不管是發(fā)展中國(guó)家還是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,政策性銀行作為政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)、促進(jìn)社會(huì)進(jìn)步的手段被廣泛運(yùn)用。但各國(guó)運(yùn)用結(jié)果迥然不同:一方面很多國(guó)家,如德國(guó)、日本、韓國(guó)等,它們的政策性銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況良好、體系完備,充分發(fā)揮了彌補(bǔ)市場(chǎng)失靈、促進(jìn)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)均衡發(fā)展的作用;另一方面,如亞洲的菲律賓、北非、拉美等地區(qū),政策性銀行在日常經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中效率低下、職能弱化,它們不僅增加了政府財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān),也擾亂了金融市場(chǎng)的正常秩序,影響了經(jīng)濟(jì)的平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行。1994年以來(lái)我國(guó)三家政策性銀行相繼建立,它們積極貫徹產(chǎn)業(yè)政策、宏觀調(diào)控政策和對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)政策,在推動(dòng)我國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整、促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高我國(guó)企業(yè)和出口商品國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、緩解經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的瓶頸制約等方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。然而伴隨我國(guó)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和改革深化,政策性銀行受到了一系列的沖擊和挑戰(zhàn)�，F(xiàn)階段,對(duì)政策性金融本質(zhì)認(rèn)識(shí)模糊、政策性銀行職能定位存在偏差等問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重影響了我國(guó)政策性銀行的功能發(fā)揮和健康發(fā)展。本文試圖提出政策性銀行的理論分析框架,在此基礎(chǔ)之上,對(duì)德國(guó)、日本、韓國(guó)的政策性銀行實(shí)踐進(jìn)行分析和研究,探討政策性銀行的政策性職能定位與市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)作原則,揭示政策性銀行作為政策性金融制度載體而存在的必要性及長(zhǎng)期性。本文認(rèn)為政策性銀行要始終明確政策性職能定位,堅(jiān)持政策導(dǎo)向,通過(guò)運(yùn)用市場(chǎng)化經(jīng)營(yíng)手段更好地發(fā)揮政策性銀行對(duì)財(cái)政資金的撬動(dòng)作用以及對(duì)社會(huì)資本的引導(dǎo)作用。為此,我國(guó)政策性銀行改革必須堅(jiān)持政策導(dǎo)向與市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)作相結(jié)合的原則,以法律制度保障政策性目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn),同時(shí)要強(qiáng)化政策性銀行的業(yè)務(wù)約束機(jī)制,確保其根據(jù)國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略適時(shí)調(diào)整自身業(yè)務(wù)范圍,避免與商業(yè)銀行開(kāi)展不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng),擾亂市場(chǎng)秩序。此外,為維持自身可持續(xù)發(fā)展,也為維護(hù)金融市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定,政策性銀行要審慎監(jiān)管,防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[Abstract]:From the practice of relevant countries, policy banks play an important role in the process of economic development and social progress. They support the implementation of national strategic goals at the macro level and meet the needs of agricultural development and the financial services of small and medium-sized enterprises at the micro level. They play an important role in making up for the shortcomings of commercial banks. In the sixties and seventies of last century, from the practice of various countries in the world, whether developing or developed countries, policy banks are widely used as the means of government intervention in economy and promoting social progress. On the one hand, many countries, such as Germany, Japan, South Korea and so on, have a good operating condition and a complete system of policy banks, which make up for market failure and promote the balanced development of national economy. On the other hand, in the Philippines, North Africa, Latin America and other regions in Asia, policy banks are inefficient and weak in their daily operations. They not only increase the financial burden on the government, but also disrupt the normal order of the financial markets. It has affected the smooth operation of the economy. Since 1994, three policy banks in China have been established one after another. They have actively implemented industrial policies, macro-control policies, and foreign economic and trade policies in order to promote industrial readjustment in our country and promote the development of agriculture and rural economy. It plays an important role in improving the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises and export commodities and easing the bottleneck of economic development. However, with the development of socialist market economy and the deepening of reform, policy banks have been subjected to a series of shocks and challenges. At present, the vague understanding of the nature of policy-oriented finance and the deviation in the function orientation of policy-oriented banks have seriously affected the function and healthy development of policy-oriented banks in China. This paper tries to put forward the theoretical analysis framework of policy banks, on the basis of which, it analyzes and studies the practice of policy banks in Germany, Japan and Korea, and probes into the orientation of policy functions and the principles of market-oriented operation of policy banks. It reveals the necessity and long-term existence of policy bank as the carrier of policy financial system. This paper holds that policy-oriented banks should always define the orientation of policy-oriented functions, adhere to policy-oriented policies, and make better use of market-oriented management means to better play the role of policy-oriented banks in leveraging financial funds and guiding social capital. Therefore, the reform of policy-oriented banks in China must adhere to the principle of combining policy guidance with market-oriented operation, and guarantee the realization of policy objectives by means of legal system, and at the same time strengthen the business restraint mechanism of policy-oriented banks. To ensure that it adjusts its business scope according to national strategy, avoids unfair competition with commercial banks and disrupts market order. In addition, in order to maintain their own sustainable development, but also to maintain the stability of financial markets, policy banks should prudently supervise and guard against risks.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)財(cái)政科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F831.2

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