人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升”的原因與機制研究
發(fā)布時間:2018-06-02 15:51
本文選題:人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升” + 購買力平價。 參考:《中國社會科學院研究生院》2014年博士論文
【摘要】:自2005年7月人民幣匯率制度改革以來,人民幣幣值出現(xiàn)對內(nèi)貶值、對外升值的現(xiàn)象。人民幣的“外升”非常明顯,既表現(xiàn)為人民幣相對美元的升值,也表現(xiàn)為人民幣相對一籃子貨幣的升值。人民幣的“內(nèi)貶”則體現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)物價的上漲。人民幣的“內(nèi)貶外升”及背后的內(nèi)外失衡給中國經(jīng)濟運行和政策制定帶來了一系列巨大的沖擊和挑戰(zhàn),例如企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營環(huán)境惡化、中小微型企業(yè)融資難度加大、資源配置效率下降、貨幣政策操作難度加大、外匯儲備及其管理風險大幅上升、商業(yè)銀行盈利能力削弱、金融監(jiān)管難度增大和金融風險上升等等。論文從購買力平價、利率平價、國際收支、全球視角這四個維度分析人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升”的原因與機制,探討各維度之間的邏輯關(guān)系,并提出相應(yīng)的政策建議。研究表明,人民幣的“內(nèi)貶外升”有五個方面的原因。 第一,從相對購買力平價角度來看,1998-2002年人民幣的“內(nèi)升”(通貨緊縮)導致人民幣實際匯率貶值并偏離均值水平,,2005年之后的人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升”是人民幣實際匯率均值回歸的結(jié)果。 第二,從絕對購買力平價和巴拉薩-薩繆爾森視角來看,中國在經(jīng)濟趕超階段,可貿(mào)易品部門勞動生產(chǎn)率增長率遠高于不可貿(mào)易部門以及勞動力供給拐點的出現(xiàn),導致不可貿(mào)易部門(例如服務(wù)業(yè))價格上漲較快,并造成國內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)性物價上漲和人民幣實際匯率升值。從絕對購買力平價視角來看,隨著中國人均收入的提高,人民幣通過實際匯率升值逐步逼近購買力平價水平。 第三,從利率平價視角來看,“套息交易循環(huán)”加劇了人民幣的“內(nèi)貶外升”。在外生變量作用下出現(xiàn)的人民幣升值預(yù)期引發(fā)了套息交易,從而導致資本通過各個渠道大規(guī)模流入中國境內(nèi),并導致國內(nèi)寬松的貨幣信貸環(huán)境和低利率,進而造成人民幣“內(nèi)貶”、中國央行加息和收緊銀根,最終導致人民幣升值預(yù)期的強化和套息交易的加劇。“套息交易循環(huán)”導致人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升”自我實現(xiàn)、自我強化,具有內(nèi)生性的特征。 第四,從國際收支視角來看,經(jīng)濟發(fā)展階段、收入分配、人口結(jié)構(gòu)、房價上漲、熱錢流入等因素導致中國儲蓄率升至異常高的水平,進而促使經(jīng)常項目順差占GDP之比從2000年的1.7%大幅提高至2007年的10.1%。巨大的經(jīng)常項目順差導致人民幣的升值壓力持續(xù)升溫。“高儲蓄循環(huán)”是導致人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升”自我強化的又一個內(nèi)生機制。經(jīng)濟發(fā)展階段等外生變量導致中國出現(xiàn)高儲蓄率,并造成高順差和人民幣“外升”,從而推動熱錢流入和寬松的貨幣信貸環(huán)境,進而導致人民幣“內(nèi)貶”和房價上漲。熱錢流入和房價上漲導致儲蓄率進一步提高。 第五,從全球視角來看,全球失衡和“雙速增長”導致人民幣和其他新興經(jīng)濟體貨幣“內(nèi)貶外升”。2000年之后,新興經(jīng)濟體儲蓄率大幅提高,經(jīng)常項目順差持續(xù)擴大,而美國則出現(xiàn)巨額的經(jīng)常項目逆差,這促使新興經(jīng)濟體貨幣兌美元名義匯率升值。在美元本位的國際貨幣體系以及全球經(jīng)濟“雙速增長”的背景之下,美元長期走弱和長期低利率加劇套息交易,導致包括中國在內(nèi)的新興市場經(jīng)濟體貨幣“內(nèi)貶外升”。 除此之外,論文還糾正了運用絕對購買力平價理論和巴拉薩-薩繆爾森理論判斷人民幣幣值低估/高估研究中的誤區(qū):只要人民幣兌美元匯率高于(絕對)購買力平價,人民幣匯率就是低估的(例如英國《經(jīng)濟學家》雜志編制的巨無霸漢堡包指數(shù))。從巴拉薩-薩繆爾森理論視角來看,在中國目前的發(fā)展階段(人均收入僅為美國的八分之一),人民幣兌美元匯率高于(絕對)購買力平價是符合發(fā)展規(guī)律的。 論文的研究表明,國際金融危機爆發(fā)之后,世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)生深刻的變化,尤其是近一兩年來人民幣(以及其他新興經(jīng)濟體貨幣)“內(nèi)貶外升”出現(xiàn)階段性緩解,甚至可能逆轉(zhuǎn)。原因包括四個方面:第一,近年來由于人民幣兌美元實際匯率升值過快(“內(nèi)貶外升”過于劇烈),無論是從相對購買力平價理論視角來看,還是從巴拉薩-薩繆爾森理論視角來看,短期內(nèi)人民幣匯率均已達到合理水平,甚至有所高估。第二,“四萬億投資計劃”等外生變量沖擊導致中國的儲蓄投資缺口縮窄、國際收支失衡大大改善,并在很大程度上打破了“高儲蓄循環(huán)”、“套息交易循環(huán)”等促使人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升”自我強化的內(nèi)生機制。第三,國際金融危機、歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)危機迫使美國和歐洲國家進行經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,發(fā)達經(jīng)濟體經(jīng)常項目逆差大幅縮窄,基本恢復國際收支平衡。第四,美聯(lián)儲啟動縮減量化寬松貨幣政策規(guī)模導致套息交易資金回流,并引發(fā)新興經(jīng)濟體金融市場動蕩和貨幣貶值。盡管目前為止,人民幣匯率并未受到大的沖擊,但是人民幣升值預(yù)期已經(jīng)大大削弱。 當然,長期來看,只要中國經(jīng)濟繼續(xù)保持較快的增長率,全球經(jīng)濟“雙速增長”的格局不變,中美人均收入和可貿(mào)易部門的勞動生產(chǎn)率差距持續(xù)縮窄,人民幣實際匯率仍然將呈現(xiàn)升值的趨勢。 總而言之,人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升”既是外生變量引發(fā)的現(xiàn)象,又有內(nèi)生機制(“套息交易循環(huán)”、“高儲蓄循環(huán)”)在發(fā)揮作用。進一步看,“內(nèi)貶外升”不是人民幣特有的現(xiàn)象,而是新興經(jīng)濟體所共有的現(xiàn)象。在美元本位制和“雙速增長”背景下,新興經(jīng)濟體陷入一個兩難困境,要么忍受套息交易、“內(nèi)貶外升”、貨幣政策獨立性削弱等問題;要么犧牲經(jīng)濟和金融穩(wěn)定。推動人民幣國際化,加快推進國際貨幣體系改革,形成美元、歐元、人民幣三足鼎立的國際貨幣體系是化解這一兩難困境的重要途徑。對中國而言,解決人民幣“內(nèi)貶外升”帶來的問題,一方面,需要推動中國經(jīng)濟自身的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和人民幣匯率制度改革,另一方面,還需要積極穩(wěn)妥推進資本項目可兌換、人民幣國際化和國際貨幣體系改革。
[Abstract]:Since the reform of RMB exchange rate system in July 2005 , the value of RMB has been devalued and the phenomenon of external appreciation is the phenomenon of RMB ' s external appreciation . The RMB ' s internal and external imbalance has brought a series of great impacts and challenges to China ' s economic operation and policy formulation , such as the deterioration of the enterprise ' s production and management environment , the increase in the financing difficulty of the small and medium - sized enterprises , the weakening of the financial supervision difficulty and the rise of financial risk .
First , from the relative purchasing power parity point of view , the RMB " inner rise " ( deflation ) of RMB 1998 - 2002 has caused the RMB real exchange rate to devalue and deviate from the mean level , and the RMB " internal devaluation " after 2005 is the result of the return of the real exchange rate of RMB .
Secondly , from the perspective of absolute purchasing power parity and Barra - Samusen , China ' s labor productivity growth rate in the tradable goods sector is much higher than that of the non - tradable sector and labor supply inflection point , which leads to higher prices of non - tradable sectors ( e.g . , service industries ) and the appreciation of the real exchange rate of RMB . From the perspective of absolute purchasing power parity , with the increase of China ' s per capita income , the yuan gradually approaches the purchasing power parity level through the appreciation of real exchange rate .
Third , from the point of view of the interest rate parity , the " set - up trading cycle " has exacerbated the renminbi ' s " fall - down " . The renminbi appreciation , which appears under the influence of exogenous variables , is expected to lead to a set of interest - bearing transactions , leading to a large - scale inflow of capital through all channels into China , resulting in a stronger currency credit environment and low interest rates in China , resulting in a stronger currency credit environment and a tightening of silver , resulting in a stronger appreciation of the renminbi and an intensification of the hedging transaction . The " set - up transaction cycle " results in a self - realization , self - strengthening , and endogenic characteristics of the renminbi .
Fourth , from the point of view of balance of payments , the economic development stage , income distribution , population structure , house price rise , hot money inflow and other factors lead to the rise of China ' s savings rate to an abnormally high level .
Fifth , global imbalances and " double - speed growth " , from a global perspective , have led to the renminbi and other emerging economies ' currencies ' falling outside . ' In 2000 , the savings rate in emerging economies has risen dramatically , while the United States has seen a substantial deficit in the dollar ' s nominal exchange rate . The dollar ' s long - term weakness and long - term low interest rates have exacerbated the rate of interest - bearing deals in the dollar - based international monetary system and the global economy ' s double - speed growth , leading to " falling outside " currencies in emerging market economies , including China .
In addition to this , the paper also corrected the erroneous zone of using the theory of absolute purchasing power parity and Barraza - Samusen ' s theory to judge the undervalued / undervaluation of the RMB : as long as the exchange rate of RMB is higher than ( absolute ) purchasing power parity , the RMB exchange rate is undervalued ( for example , the Big Mac hamburger index compiled by British economist Yan Magazine ) . From the perspective of Barraza - Samusen , China ' s current development stage ( per capita income is only one eighth of the United States ) , and the exchange rate of RMB to the US dollar is higher than ( absolute ) purchasing power parity is in accordance with the development law .
The study shows that after the outbreak of the international financial crisis , the world economy has undergone profound changes , especially in the recent two years ( as well as the currency of other emerging economies ) .
Of course , in the long run , as long as the Chinese economy continues to maintain a faster growth rate , the global economy " double - speed growth " remains unchanged , and the gap between the average per capita income and the labor productivity of the tradable sector continues to narrow , and the renminbi ' s real exchange rate will still show a trend of appreciation .
All in all , the RMB " internal and external uplift " is not only the phenomenon of exogenous variable , but also the endogenous mechanism ( " hedging transaction cycle " and " high saving cycle " ) .
To promote the internationalization of RMB , accelerate the reform of international monetary system , form the international monetary system of USD , Euro and RMB is an important way to resolve the dilemma . On the one hand , it is necessary to promote the adjustment of China ' s economy and the reform of RMB exchange rate system . On the other hand , it is necessary to push forward the reform of capital project convertible , RMB internationalization and international monetary system .
【學位授予單位】:中國社會科學院研究生院
【學位級別】:博士
【學位授予年份】:2014
【分類號】:F822.0;F832.6
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